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IV ; LIFE IN CITY, MILITARY CAMPS, VILLAGE, HERMITAGE AND FOREST鈥�(A) CITY LIFE鈥擶hile describing the cities like Ayodhya and Kanci and others, Dhanapala draws a vivid picture of the city life probably based on his own experience of living in cities like Ujjayini, Dhara and the like. These cities were in those days important centrs of cultural and political activities and Dhanapala's descriptions give us a cross-section of the highly rich, luxirious and pompous way of living there obtained there consequent to the concentration of all wealth of the state there. Thus the city of Ayodhya 353, was surrounded on all sides by a castle-wall with a huge mote on its outer side. White flags fluttered on four big gates of the castle. The tops of the temples on the cross-roads were decorated with golden crest-pitchers. In the gardens the trees were watered by means of water-wheels. Wide streets and main 352. Tilakamanjari,p.200(6ff.). ...-:- sabarapallibhih ... 353. ibid.,pp.7-8. pratidivasamanvisyamana candi kopahara purusabhih

470 roads were lined on both sides with 'Satakumbha' type of buildings. The 'Saudha' type of multi-storeyed houses were marked by compound-walls, high gates, crocodile- -arches and swings. Every house had its own tank and swimming pool. In the brief description of Kanci also the poet has mentioned many of these general details. Among the minute, though stray, details mentioned by Dhanapala, the following are noteworthy. The garlands of green leaves were tied to the high portals decorated .355. with engraved crocodile-arches. People made profuse use 356 of incessantly burning incense of black and white Aguru. Shops containing heeps of emeralds, sapphires, diamonds and cat's-eye gems were conspicuous in the wide and extensive market place. The shops had wooden doors and they were fastened with steel locks. Numerous houses in the 358. 359 cities had more than one storey. Drains for the flow of pink water of the swimming pools were built along the 354. Tilakamanjari Rp.259-260. 355. ibid, p. 8 (18) uttu啶緈a karatorana vanaddha haritavandanamalaih 356. ibid, p. 8 ( 19 ) asrantakalaguru dhupa ; 9 (1) - asita gurudhupa-- .! 357. ibid., p. 8 (16) - marakatendranila vajra vairya rasibhih prthulayate vipanipathah ibid.,p.8(16) prasadhita ... 1 358. ibid., p.678ff.)-441241541214411-4 4541441492est 'kalayasa talakani - 1 susamkucitalakah pradhanapanah - 1 ; 260(10) 359. ibid.,p.133 (15ff.) -- prati nagara mupalaksyamanane ka bhumikaprabhuta prasadani ---

471 360 base of the walls and were lined with emerald. The shokings.362 wer-baths were situated along the banks of the river in the city gardens which abounded in sport-bowers and sporthillocks. 361 public tanks were built by the kings. 362 The ground of the palace gardens was levelled and paved with 363 pearl-powder, and many types of trees were grown therein. Lighting arrangements consisted of hand-born torches and glowing rubies also served as lamps, though without flame. The bed was covered with clean white bed-sheet and a white pitcher with water trickling from its pores was placed at the head of the bed, near the pillow which was stuffed 365 with soft filaments of the feathers of swans. 364 Among the alchoholic drinks, Dhanapala has mentioned 'Kapisayana' 366. and 'Phalarasasava' Fob painting and colouring, the 367. liquids of Kusumbha, Yavaka and Nili are noticed. Fans -- 360. Tilakamanjari, p.158 (4ff.) ksarantikun kumaruna ke li puskarininam vari prakaramula marakatapanalani --- 1 361. ibid.,p.180 (11ff.) saketapuraparisare ramya talakuttimesu lilalata - nagara nimnaga kulesu yantradharagrhesu pravesesu-- - | mandapesu --- krtrimacala sikharesu svakhanitesu sarahsu 362. ibid., p.66(17) Fazalling 42:23 khavitam sarah | 363. ibid.,p.212 ( 10 ) -- mauktika curna valukaprakarana bahala snigdha padapabhirama maramam ..... 364. ibid., p.159(5ff.) hastadipika jvaladbhirmanikaca dipaih ... 1 ; 181 ( 22 ) devena samasukumara bhutala mati - ; 174 (12) -- amkajjalai- 365. ibid.,p.174 (17ff.) ayatavisalam hamsa chamda isa visada pracchda paraccha - dinamaccham jala sravina sudha dhavalena --- janita samnidhya nidrakalasena sayanam--- ; ibid.,p.270(10ff.) mrdu sthula hamsa tulopadhanam --- 1 366. ibid., p.18(7); 169(5). 367. ibid., p.157(21); 214(16); 227(21).

472 368 were prepared from hair, and there were mechanical devices in the form of golden stone images for weilding the 369. 370 fans. People chewed Tambula incessantly. The fruits of the Kataka tree were known for their property of ridding 372 mud off the water.371 Houses were washed with water and mirror house was cleansed with the ashes of Sandal wood. The ruby-studded floor of the Hall of Audiance was scava- 373. nged everyday and fresh lotuses were laid there. airy Patta-sala, the cages of male and female parrots were hung.374 The utnsils were mostly made of silver, In the bronze, copper and other metals. There is a reference 375. 376. to fishing by means of a hook. Wealth was stored in 377 jars. In the central part of the city was situated the royal palace premises. The courtesans lived near about 378 the temples. The elephant drivers used to live on the 368. Tilakamanjari, p.116(2) 369. ibid, p. 374 ( 11 ) bala vyajana-- 1 upanita sita carucamarabhi mani catusti ka stambhatala- vartinibhiscatasrbhiscamikara silayantra putrikabhih svaira svaira mupavijyamanah ... | anavasana tambulo pa yogah ---- / 370. ibid, p.125 (3) 371. ibid., p.261(12). 372. ibid,p. 352 (91拢. ) accha salila ksalanapasta rajasi mandapikajire- 1; 373(6)-- marjaya, sitena rasavaticulli candanabhasmana garam --- 1 samasta madarsa bhavanam--- 1 374. ibid.,p.387 (22)- pramrsta mani kuttimotsrsta navani rajopa hara masthana mandapa pravatapattasala valambitapanjare sukasarika kalape-- 1 374. ibid., p.68(3ff.)- 4914934 ka stharajatadi bhajanesu 375. ibid., p.68(5) --- mrstataratamra bhajanasu 376. ibid.,p.15(11) 377. ibid.,p.342(22) 378. ibid.,p.67 (4ff.) grhaganesu -- vrddhasu --- 1 Pantofi simple: timinam galagrahah --- 1 kosakalasa -- 1 --- ;67(21). kusarpito- .paryakulita paryanta grhanivasi gani kajanah sura-

473 outskirts of the city, as the city-guards would not allow 379. them inside the city limits. Rich merchants kept their heards of live-stack outside the city. 380 381 The citizens of Ayodhya are said to be generous in charity in expectation of enjoyments; they obeyed due to the fear of the state, observed etiquette purposefully, earned without satisfaction, and honoured old people just. as an exercise in learning courtesy. Dhanapala has drawn a fine picture of the peculiarities of the life in South Indian cities in his description of Kanci. The rich citizens of Kanci are said to be very much absorbed in physical pleasures. The city-dwellers in general were learned and Brahmins in particular felt their lives fruitful. The couttezans and parasites were an important section of the city population and their sole interest in life centred around sensual enjoyments. The students begged their alms and roamed everywhere reciting their lessons aloud. The general food of the 382 cultured citizens of Kanci consisted of fruits like orange, bread-fruit, and banana, and the drink consisted chiefly of 379. Tilakamanjari, p.116 (22ff.) -- apramattaraksana padati varyamanah --- adhorana ganena --- 1 trnakutira kona 380. ibid., p.117(2ff.) 381. ibid.,p.12(16ff.) 382. ibid., p.260(16ff.). 383. ibid., p.68(1-2). paryanta racita-

474 coconut milk; their ornaments were chiefly made of pearls; their religion mostly consisted of clemency; their good acts consisted of generosity; their good conduct consisted of truth and cleanliness; and their entertainment consisted 384 of scholastic discussions. 386 385 The womenfolk of the Vidyadhara city of Rathanupuracakravala are said to be adept in all arts and sciences, knew the languages of all the regions, and were well-read and skilled in relating the stories from all the Puranas. A part of the daily routine of the citizens of Ayodhya is also described in passing. At noon, with the blowing of the conch-shells, as the royal elephants were freed for bathing in the city tanks, businessmen closed their shops with steel-locks. As the villagers began to return to their villages, the hullabullo of the citizens subsided. Schools concluded their lessons and students closed their books. Learned Brahmins, with leaf-bowls carrying sesame, tufts of Darbha grass and leaves in hands, 384. Tilakamanjari, P.260 (11ff.) bhatra barapanaskadala prayamasana, nalikeri phala- isa praya panam, muktaphalapraya mabharanam krpapraya dharmanusthana, danapraya karmma, qin satya sauca praya macaranam, sastravicara prayo vinodo, nivasilokasya ---- 385. ibid.,p.169(6ff.) sarva kala sastra kusalene sarvadesa bhasavida sarvapaurani ka khyana kapravirnena strijanana-- 1 386. ibid., pp.67-68.

475 started to the river for mid-day bath. Attendants accompanied them with oil, Embatic Myrobalan fruits and combs. Women started taking bath at their domestic wells. Brahmin girls poured water into the cisterns for birds. Old women went to the temples. Beggars roamed from house to house for food. Government also ran some inns where the destitutes were provided with food, drink, bed and medicines. 387 The citizens enjoyed themselves in public parks. Royal palace had, adjoining to it, an extensive garden having trees like Lavanga, Punnaga, Candana and Aguru, and 388 members of the royal family entertained themselves therein. The usual means of transport for royal personages was elephant, particularly the female one, which was duly 389. decorated and faced to the east before starting. White Camaras were waved on their either sides and a white parasol was held over their heads. The body-guards of the royal personages rode the horses. 390 Royal processions were common, and they generally comprised soldiers, bards and royal attendants. The procession moved to the accompaniment of 387, Tilakamanjari, p.66(15ff.). 388. ibid., p.303(2ff.); 315(10). 389. ibid., p.330(llff.). 390. ibid., p.419(3ff.).

du 476 musical instruments like cymbals, drums and conches. Horses, elephants and Vimanas were also a part of the procession. Courtezans annointed their boddies with camphor and musk Such processions were a sort of an entertainment for the 391 citizens.