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Shortly after the death of Skandagupta (c. 467 A. D.) Senapati Bhatarka of the Maitraka family established a kingdom at Valabhi on the eastern coast of Saurastra. The Maitraka kings gradually extended their power as far as western Malva No. 4). The sculptures, ornamentation and style of the Sikhara together suggest an early date, not much later than that of Gop (Archaeology of Gujarat p. 64 ). This veiw is also supported by a standing cult-image of varaha, as the varaha images found standing in the temples of Madhya Bharat, Malva, Erana and in the caves of Udayagiri belong to that period. The position of the hands of varaha image at Kadvar closely resembles to that of the hands of varaha at Udayagiri (Gwalior) (Indian Sculpture plt. xxi) Epigraphical evidences from Gujarat, North Rajputana, Southern region of Deccan-Konkan, indicate the existence of Vasudeva-Sari Karsana Worship (El. x Appendix p. 2. no. 7 and El. xxii p. 198) as well as vedic gods Indra, Yama, Varuna-practicaly in the whole of the western India ( Nanghata Inscription, B. G. xviii. 隆隆隆) This was obviously the puranic form of Vaisnavism, 25. Archaeology of Gujarat p. 63. 26. Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad p. 38. 27. Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad plt. xxxii, xxxiv. 28. Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad p. 39.

78 The Structral Temples of Gujaratu in the east and their Kingdom included almost the whole of Gujarat except parts of South Gujarat. They reigned for about three centuries. (the fall of their power being dated v. s. 845 (A. D. 788). The Maitrakas were generally followers of Saivism. They issued a number of grants of lands to Brahamans. A few of the grants recorded in their copper-plates were made to temples of Mahadeva, 29 Aditya, 30 and Goddesses. 31 The ruins of the old city of Valabhi, have yeilded a number of big images of the linga and nandi which also imply the existence of several 29. In Surastra at Vatapiada a temple dedicated to Siva was built by one Harinatha, Siladitya Dharmaditya (A. D. 609) granted two pieces of land and a vapi (step-well) to the said temple. (Indian Antiquary IX, 238; MG. pt. II, 368). In the copper-plate of Dhruvasena II, there is a reference as to the temple known as Bhatrisvara in the Konaka Pathaka of Khetaka Ahara, (MG. pt. II. p. 370; Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat vol. I No. 64) A Gurjara record of the Maitraka period refers to the temple of Asramadeva at Kemajju which is represented by Kimoja near Kavi in Broach District. In the vicinity of the village there exists a temple of Asamesvara corresponding to Asramadeva. The temple enshrines an old linga of Siva but the constructiom of the temple is of recent origin. (Indian Antiquary Vol. V. p. 109-10; MG. Pt. II. p. 370) 30. The existence of Sun-worship and Sun-temples is supported by the copper-plate of the year 292 (611-A. D.) issued by King Siladitya I alias Dharmaditya to a Sun-temple at Bhadreniyaka (Saurastra) (El. xxi. 116; Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat vol. I, 59. A). The Dhank grant of this king which records the gift of land dedicated to Mahadeva temple at Vatapadra, also mentions a vapi belonging to the temple of Adityadeva while enumerating the four borders of the plots donated (Indian Antiquary IX. 238, Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat I. 57). 31. A temple of goddess Sankarika in Sirvatanaka-sthali in Saurastra is referred to in a copper-plate of Dharasena III ( c. 621-627 A. D., Watson Museum Report 1925-26 p. 14; Journal of the Bombay Branch (NS) 4, 185; El. 21. 183; Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat I 61) and a copper plate of Siladitya IV (c. 685-710 A. D.) refers to Matristhanaka Ksetra i. e. temples dedicated to Goddesses in Madasarasthali, Saurastra (Journal of the Bombay Branch (NS) I. 53; Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat I. 65).

A Survey of the Structural Temples of Pre-Caulukyan Times 79 lofty Saiva temples at Valabhi. 32 But none of the old temples seem to be in existence at present. The Maitraka kings extended their patronage to Buddhist Viharas which also enshrined images of the Buddha or the Buddhas. Many of the Viharas mentioned in the grants were built at Valabhi but none of them have survived. In his records, 33 Hiuan Tsang refers to a number of Buddhist Viharas in Bharukaccha, Malava, Khetaka, Anandapura, Surastra and other parts of Gujarat, but we hardly come across the remains of any Viharas of this period. 34 The Jain prabandhas refer to a number of Jain images removed from Valabhi. It implies the existence of some Jain temples in the city. A manuscript of the 'Visesavsyakabhasya a Valabhi inscriptions mention temples dedicated to goddesses Panarajya or Panduraja ( MG, II. p. 374) and Kottammahikadevi (JBBR AS. xx. pp. 9-10). A reference to Pandurajya tirtha in Svabhra region is given in Padma Purana 6, 166 (E. I, XVI, 17) and Kottammahikadevi (Journal of the Bombay Branch xx. pp. 9-10), Dronasinha (A. D. 502-03) granted village for the maintenance and up keep of the temple of first goddess. He also built a temple of Kottammahikadevi in the boundary of Trisamgamaka (modern Tarsania) (Journal of the Bombay Branch xx. p. 6). The royal grant, once stopped was resumed and made permanent by Dhruvasena II alias Baladitya (A. D. 639-40) and repaired the said temple (Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat I, 67). Jackson narrates that temple dedicated to Kottardevi existed at Tarsaniya when the copper-plates were found and edited by him; but the query made by Dr. H. G. Shastri does not support the statement (MG. II. 373 ). 32. Some of the old images of the lingas have been enshrined in the modern temples such as temple of Ratnesvara, Buddhesvara, Pragatanatha and Bhidabhanjana etc. at Vala (MG. II. pp. 368.) 33. Beal. Records Vol. 2 pp. 242 ff; Water's Travels, Vol. 2, pp. 239 ff. also Meter G. II. pp. 396-405. 34. The vihara noticed by Hiuan Tsang not far from Valabhi is presumably identified with the large cave at Talaja (Puratattava Vol. I. pp. 99 ff.) In that case the vihara is rock-cut.

80 The Structural Temples of Gujarat alludes the temple of Santinatha at Valabhi, but none of the old Jain temples also exist at present. 35 However, some of the existing old temples in Gujarat seem to have been constructed during the Maitraka period. The celebrated temple of Somnath at Prabhas was reconstructed several times during Caulukya period, but the original temple seems to have been constructed during the reign of Maitrakas. 36 Even the stone temple was subsequently demolished so frequently that the existing remains of its structure could hardly give any distinct idea of its original form during the Maitraka period. The Muslim chroniclers give some description of the temple and the image enshrined in it but it does not good hold in detail. The traditional account of the large linga and the lofty temple gives some idea of the magnificence of the temple but does not supply adequate data about its architectural form. The Surviving temples of the period of the Maitraka Gurjara rule (c. 470 A. D.-788 A. D.) are the old Sun temples at Sutrapada, 37 Visavada 38 and Than in Saurastra, a group of temples at Roda and old sun temple at Samalaji in Sabarkantha District. The temple at Sutrapada 39 (Dist. Junagadh) explains the plan of the shrine at Gop where the outer walls of the 35. MG. II, pp. 422-423, 493 36. It's version in stone seems to have been built at the beginning of the Caulukya period on the model of the wooden prototype which is generally assigned to the Maitraka period. (Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad p. 18; Munsi K. Meter Guj. and its literature p. 76; Bombay Gazetter I. 164; D. K. Shastri 'Saiva Dharamano Samksipta Itihasa' pp. 147-148; Gujarat no Madhyakalma Rajputa Itihasa pp. 202-203) The assumption is corroborated by the remains of the pre-Caulukyan basement unearthed by the excavation at the site of the old temple of Somnatha (Somnatha, Souvenir p. 89) 37. Nearly 13 Kms. from Somanatha patan, along the coast to Struggle for Empire 38. 24 Kms. to N. W. of Porbandar. 39. Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad p. 41 plts. XL & XLI. Here Figs. 3 & 218

A Survey of the Structural Temples of Pre-Caulukyan Times 81 Pradaksina have fallen, and where the slots along the top of the wall of the shrine, show where the lower roof of that passage joined it at the base of the Sikhara. The pillars within are of not quite so simple a type as those in the temple of Varaha at Kadvar. The central bay of the ceiling is closed by three huge flat slabs without ornament; the side ceilings and the ceiling of the Pradaksina slope from the centre to the sides, the slabs resting upon heavy beams are placed at intervals. The doorways are severaly simple, and they each have upon the dedicatory block an image of Ganapati. The forward part of mandapa, with a flat roof seems to be an addition or rebuilding of a porch that had fallen. Besides the temple, upon its south side, is a modern one of the Navagraha or nine planets. 40 4: At Visavada 41 (Dist. Junagadh) there is a much older temple of Sutrapada style now in disuse and partly ruined. It is massively built and plain. In the shrine are some mutilated images, among them being one of Surya, so, possibly, the temple was originally dedicated to him. Nearly two killo-meters to the N. W. of this again, standing isolated in the fields, is a very small shrine, which is certainly oldest at this place. 41陋 It is a small square building standing upon a ruined basement. Before it stood a porch which has now disappeared; it can be seen where it was attached to the front wall of the shrine. The fall of this part damaged the masonry around the doorway part of which has blocked up to give support to the lintel. There may have been an enclosed passage around shrine as in the Kadvar temple, but there are no indications of one having been attached to the walls of the shrine, the walls. being perfectly plain between the basement and the eaves. The stepped out pyramid roof is, if anything, simpler than that 40. The present image, in the old shrine at Sutrapada has been installed by one Thakar Visaladeva in V. S. 1357 (A. D. 1300-1) 41. Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad plt. XLV. Here Figs. 4, & 217. 41 a. Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad plts. XLIII, XLIV; Here Fig. 5

82 The Structural Temples of Gujarat at Gop, but the workmanship is coarser, the caitya niches being left blank are without the rich detail. Instead of the straight sloping corners, seen between the niches at Gop, we find here ornamental curves similar to the heavy mouldings in early Chalukyan and Dravidian building of approximately the same age. The Caitya-niches however, still preserve the single loop and have not yet developed into the triple loop or Trefoil form as in the Sutrapada temple, but we have here the ribbed amalasara beneath the finial as in the last.42 During my recent visit to Saurashtra I came across some* unnoticed temples along the Western Coast of the peninsula. Architecturally these temples have in plan and design a close affinity with the temples of Sutrapada and Visavada. They all, probably seem to have been built during this period. Many of these temples are dedicated to the dedicated to the Sun and some to Siva or Sakti. They are either singular or grouped into four or five or sometimes even more then seven temples in number. , The temples dedicated to the Sun at Balej 42/1, Pata 42 2 Suvan 27 (Varvada), Srinagar 42/4, Pindara 42/5, Boricha 4216, Akhodar 4 2/7 and Pasanavada 42/8 are singular. Of these the Sun temples at Pindara, Boricha and Akhodar comprise only single square cells, while those at Balej, Pata, Suvan (Varvada), Srinagar and Pasanavada consist of square garbhagrihas at times surrounded by Pradaksinapathas and single Mandupas attached to them in front, giving a rectangular shape to the whole structure. The garbhagrha is usually square in plan while the mandapa is either square or rectangular. Each of these temples 42 Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad pp. 44-45 * For a detailed description vide Appendix 'A' 421. Here Fig. 6. 42/3. Here Fig. 8. 42/5. Here Fig. 13. 42/7. Here Figs. 15, 16. 42/2. Here Fig. 7. 42/4. Here Figs. 10, 11. 42/6. Here Fig. 14. 42/8; Here Fig. 17.

83 A Survey of the Structural Temples of Pre-Caulukyan Times has a Sikhara (generally pyramidal) over the garbhagrha. The mandapa is covered with a flat roof, while the Pradaksinapatha is covered with a sloped roof. The mandapa contains simple but heavy square pillars. Similarly the Siva temples at Ranavav 4 2/9, Miyani 42/1 Harasiddha 42/11 and Porbandar 42/12 (Dhingesvara Mahadeva ) Lunav, Navidhraved 42/13, Pasanavada 42/14 are singular. In plan they are similar to the Sun temples described above. The temples at Harasiddha and Porbandar consist of only square garbhagriha adorned with Sikhara while the rest have attached Mandapas and porches. Some of them also contain pradaksina, pathas which terminate into aisles. The groups of temples at Khimesvar 42/18, Nandisvar, Bhansar 42/16, and Odadar 42/17, consist of temples dedicated to the Sun, Siva and other minor deities. In plan and design they closely resemble the temples described above. Nearly all have square garbhagriha. Among them some are single celled while others contain pradaksinapathas, attached mandapas with or without porches. The Khimesvara group consists of several temples of which six are noteworthy. The main temple Khimesvara 42/18 facing east, is a rectangular structure consisting of a square garbhagriha, a covered ambulatory, a mandapa and a covered portico. On the left of it, facing north, there is a temple dedicated to Bhairava, the temple being typical in its superstructure displaying a close affinity to the gable-roofed type of 42/9. Here Fig. 20 42/10. Here Figs. 21, 22, 23. 42/11. Here Fig. 25. 42/12. Here Fig. 26 42/13. Here Figs. 28, 29. 42/14. Here Figs. 18, 19. 42/15. Here Figs. 30, 31, 32. 42/16. Here Figs. 33, 34, 35. 42/17. Here Fig. 36. 42/18 Here Fig. 30.

84 The Structural Temples of Gujarat the superstructure. Its garbhagriha is a square one with an attached rectangular mandapa. On the right there is a temple dedicated to Randala 42/19 (consort of Sun-God) facing east. The temple is typical as the exterior of the mandapa wall is adorned with beautiful carved big niches (gavaksa) each on either side of the main entrance. The next one is the temple dedicated to Khadesvara 4 2/20 having a superstructure similar to that of Khimesvara. It has a square garbhagriha surrounded by a Pradaksinapatha and an attached covered mandapa. Oppisite to this temple, facing east there is a temple dedicated to Dudhesvara Mahadeva with a square garbhagriha adorned with a Sikhara over it. In the vicinity of the Randala temple there is a temple dedicated to the Sun. The group of temples at Nandisvara consists of pre-Caulukyan as well as Caulukyan temples. Many of them are dedicated to Siva while one is dedicated to a Goddess. One of the two pre-Caulukyan temples comprises only a square garbhagriha with a peculiar door of unusual height. The other temple lies to the south of the main temple of Nandisvara (which belongs to Caulukyan period). The superstructure of this temple resembles to that of Khimesvara. At Bhansara there is a group of several temples which can be assigned to this period. The group contains two varieties of temples viz., pre-Caulukyan and Caulukyan. Lakroda* There is an old temple in this village which is somewhat noteworthy. It seems to have been a Siva shrine originally; but at present it is called Demaranum Derum of Hanuman, whose image is kept in its compound. The shrine 42/19. Here Fig. 32. 42/20. Here Fig. 34. *9.6 Kms. to the east of Lodra near Vijapur (Dist. Mehsana).

A Survey of the Structural Temples of Pre-Caulukyan Times 85 consists of a cella, an antechamber, a Gudhamandapa and a porch. The mandapa is supported by 12 square corbelled and massive pillars. The temple is plain in construction and built of huge blocks of stones. 42/21 The spire over the cella is pyramidal in shape consisting of twelve thin tiers (kandoras), the top-most number being lost. The antechamber is covered by Sukanasa while the roof of the Gudhamandapa is flat. , There is also a detached catuski located near this temple. It is an interesting peice of architecture. On a stylobate (Pithika) of this catuski there are four bhadraka' type pillars (i. e. pillars with central off sets). The lower portion of each pillar bears two niches at two exterior right angular sides; the upper portion of the shaft is adorned with bharani and Sirsa. From the style of carving on the pillars of both these structures i. e. the temple as well the catuski they seem to be of the same date as that of Roda Temples. 42/23. The Old Temple at Than (Dist. Surendranagar). This temple is smaller in size. The porch is extinct and the Sikhara is totally collapsed. Except some minor differences this old temple looks very similar to those of Roda. Dr. Sankalia has placed this temple after the one at Sutrapada. 42/a But the pieces of the collapsed Sikhara lying scattered about the temple are adorned with carvings (of jalaka) which have close 42/21. Baroda Archaeological Department 39. p. 8. para 21, For plt. see Archaeology in Baroda plt. XXII. 42/22. Shri Meter A. Dhaky in his papers on 'The chronology of Solanki temples in Gujarat' (Journal of the Madhyapradesh Itihasa Parishad No. 3, 1961 (Bhopal) has put this temple along with the temples at Roda group and the old temple at Than etc. in the Formative group of the Early Nagara phase which he assigns to the early part of the 8 th cent. A. D. (Ibid p. 3) 42 a. Archaeology of Gujarat p. 61.

86 The Structural Temples of Gujarat similarity to those of Sikharas of the temple at Roda. Further its doorway 12/b and some of the sculptures have also close affinity to Roda temples. All these features would place it nearer to Roda temples in time. a A group of seven temples 43 existing at Roda (Dist. Sabarkantha) is highly interesting from the architectural point of view. Out of these one (No. IV), 43 which standing on the back of the Kunda between temples III and V has been destroyed and only its platform remains. Fragments of it are lying around the plinth. None of the temples bears any inscriptions and so we have to fix their ages on the strength of the style of structures, sculptures carved on them and their circumstancial evidences. 44 The sculptures and other ornaments of these temples have close affinity with the temples ascribed to 7 th, 8 th and 9 th centuries in other parts of India. Further, the strong stylistic affinities with some of the early temples at Than, Visavada and other places in Saurastra display the fact that they belong roughly to the later half of the Maitraka-rule i. e. the first half of the eighth century A. D. This is further supported by a comparision with similar shrines at Osia dating from 8 th to 10 th cent. A. D. The temple at Osia seems to be later than the Roda group, on stylistic grounds especially of 42/b Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad plt. XLIX. 43. Sculptures from Samalaji and Roda Plts : No. 1 No. II. p. 101 p. 100 Fig. No. 82; here figs 44, 45. 80 "- " No. III. pp. 102-104 " " 83, 84 85, 86. here figs. 46, 47. 79 87, 88, 89., here fig 48. No. IV. p. 99 " " No. V. pp. 105-109 " " No. Vedic Index p. 108 90 " " No. VII. 109 " "" " 91 III " "" 92., here figs. 49, 50. 43 a. The numerical order of the temples, adopted here, is given according to Dr. U. P. Shah's Sculptures from Samalaji and Roda 44. Sculptures from Samalaji and Roda p. 99.

A Survey of the Structural Temples of Pre-Caulukyan Times 87 the pillars, caitya window ornaments etc. Our assigning these shrines to the Maitraka period is further supported by the existence of a large number of temples, showing various stages in the evolution of the Sikhara and the temple walls etc., discovered from various sites in Saurastra and Katcha which were definitely under Maitraka rule during 6 th to 8 th centuries.45 All the shrines except no. VII are small temples with square or rectangular sanctums (garbhagrihas) and a small porch (ardhamandapa i. e. a pragrriva covered with phansana (gabled) roofing) in front, eventhough the porch has fallen down from some temples. Most of the temples show one or two offsets (ratha, pratiratha etc.) while No. II has plain walls which could be compared with the plain walls of the famous Gupta temples at Sanchi etc. Unfortunately the upper part of this temple is not existing so it is very difficult to Judge about its nature and style, the eaves are sloping down and such a sloping base of the Sikhara above having caitya-window (motif) with bifurcation is interesting, as these could be favourably compared with similar roofs in South India and Saurastra 46 Roofs of porches present an interesting stylistic comparision with some of the temples in Saurastra and Rajasthana and else where. The roof of the mandapa of temple VII reminds one the temple to the South of Harihara temple No. 1 at Osia and even the temple at Kalsara in Saurastra, but the roof here is highly ornate with Caitya-window ornaments on sides and front.47 The Sikhara are of curvilinear North Indian types and have their parallels in Saurastra at Ghumali, Pasthar, Miani, Wadhawana etc., and in Rajsthana at Osia, Badoli, etc. Except 45. Sculptures from Samalaji and Roda pp. 113-114. 46. The old shrine at Visavada is comparable with Temple II at Roda, but the Visavada shrine has a porch, while the Roda shrine does not seem to have had any. SRR. p. 110. 47. Sculptures from Samalaji and Roda p. 110.

88 The Structural Temples of Gujarat no 147. which seems to have phansana (gabled) type of roofing all are eka-sringi i. e. monospired. The Caitya-window motifs on the Sikharas and on the niches of Roda temples are some what earlier than those on the surya temple at Osia (c. 900 A. D.) or on the Harihara temple II at Osia.48 To the N. E. of the Khaka Chowk at Samalaji is an old Surya temple with a broad-door frame, the shrine compares. favourably with the Roda and Osia groups of shrines, niches on the backwall of the sanctum are now empty, but they are highly ornate with the Caitya-window ornament of the Roda type. The temple, at present, has a rectangular cella, an antarala, a mandapa with balconies on two sides, and a porch. There is also a pradaksinamarga which seems to be later made by another wall enclosing the shrine. The old Sikhara of the temple has been lost and the temple was repaired at least more than once.49