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The Ksatrapas lost their power to the Gupta sovereigns of Maghadha in about 440 A. D. The Gupta rule over Gujarat is attested to by a number of silver coins issued by Candragupta II. Kumara Gupta 1 and Skandagupta as well as by the Junagadh rock inscription of Skandagupta. The Gupta sovereigns patronised Vaisnavism in particular. The Junagadh rock inscription 18 of Skandgupta records the construction of a lofty, magnificent temple of Cakrabhrta (Visnu) by Cakrapalita, the administrator of Girinagara (Junagadh ). The temple does not exist now in its original form but seems to be represented by the present, Damodar mandira (of late origin) 16. The relics are on view at Junagadh Museum. For Pl. vide Chronology of Gujarat pl. xv. opp. p. 72. 17. Chronology of Gujarat, 'Addenda 'P. 309 also plt. LXXXV, 17 a. Far detail. Vide here. p. 15. 18 Fleet, Junagadh rock inscription CII, III p. 56; Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat vol. I No. 6; Indian Antiquary Vol. VIII. p. 36.

A Survey of the Structural Temples of Pre-Caulukyan Times 75 near Junagadh. A few remains of the old temple, including some old images of black granite were pointed out in the surroundings of the present temple by Dr. Bhagwanlal Indraji. 19 The Traikuta kings ruled over South Gujarat during this period, were also followers of Vaisnavism. But no remains of any Brahmanical temples built during their reign have come to light. A guild of silk-weavers that migrated from Lata (south Gujarat) and settled at Dasapura (modern Dasar or Manasara-Dosar in Malva) is known to have built a sun temple in the city. But their exist no remains of the temple at present. The earliest known architectural monument in Gujarat are generally assigned to the 5 th Century A. D. They represent structural temples of different styles. The temple at Gop, 20 in Barada Hills was dedicated to Sun and the temple at Kadvar near Veraval to the Varaha, incarnation of Visnu 19. The present Dam蓴dar Mandir which was built probably on the old site of the Cakrabhrt temple in the 15 th cent. during the rule of Mandalika, the last Chudasama ruler of Junagadh. At the time of Muslaman conquest (A. D. 1484) as violence was feared the images were removed and buried. Mandalika temple was repaired by Amarji Dewan of Junagadh (1759-1784 A. D.). It was proposed to make and consecrate new images. But certain old images of Visnu were found in digging foundation for the enclosure wall and were consecrated. Two of these images were taken by Girnara Brahmins and consecrated in the names of Baldeva and Revati in a neighbouring temple specially built for them. Of the original temple the only trace is a pilaster into the wall to the right as one enters. The style and carving are of the Gupta period. (Bombay Gazetter I. Pt. I. ch. VII p. 70) 20. Burgess placed the temple of Gop at least as old as 6 th cent. A. D. (Antiquities of Kaccha and Kathiawada p. 187) but on the an蓴logy of the evolution of Caitya-window ornament Dr. H. D. Sankalia assings it to the 5 th cent. A. D. i. e. a century earlier than that fixed by Burgess (Archaeology of Gujarat p. 59).

76 The Structural Temples of Gujarat The temple at Gop (Dist. Jamnagar) 21 consists of a square shrine surrounded by a double court yard. The shrine is 3.4 ms. square inside, about 7.1 ms. high, with wall 7 ms thick. The walls, which are perfectly plain, having no niche or any other ornament, are perpendicular to a height about 5.3 ms. thereafter they begin to contract to form the Sikharae (spire) of the temple. The Sikhara was constructed on the corbel principle, the interior being hollow. On the out side the Sikhara rises in tiers as a stepped pyramid, but it is distinctly cut off into three divisions. The lowest division has two caityawindows on each of its faces; the upper one has one; above it the apex is crowned by a single stone. 22 Of the two courtyards, the inner one is mostly broken probably, as shown by similar later temples, it served as a pradaksinapatha. The outer one standing a little below the inner is in ruins; only a portion of the eastern side now remains. 2陋 The temple of Gop faces east. The temple at Kadvar (Dist. Junagadh ) 34 has a long rectangular shrine, surrounded by an outerwall, which opens 21. Antiquities of Kaccha and Kathiawada Plts. LI-LII; Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad Plts. XXVII-XXVIII. Here figs. 1, 215, 216. For the location of the places mentioned henceforth, vide the map at the end of this section. 22. Archaeology of Gujarat p. 56. 23. Archaeology of Gujarat p. 56 The recent conservations by the Archaeological department of Government of India have exposed the high plinth of the temple which is near by 4.5 ms. in height and measures 20.5 ms. each side on the ground surface. At the bottom it has seven lateral projecting bays on each side. Vertically the plinth is cut into two platforms, the outer of which, perhaps, served as an open pradaksinapatha around the temple. The surrounding top of the plinth also, probably, served as a pradaksinapatha. It was possibly roofed with flat slabs, as indicated by the holes just below the cornice of the walls of the shrine. 24. Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad plts. XXIX-XXXV. Here Figs. 219. & 2. Due to the close affinity of Gupta temple motives Dr. Sankalia believes that the temple may be assigned to that period. (Farbas Gujarati Traimasika Vol. IV

A Survey of the Structural Temples of Pre-Caulukyan Times 77 out on one side and forms the mandapa, having a porch on either side. Six pillars support the roof of the mandapa and short dwarf pillars placed in corners support the roof of the porches. The Sikhara is destroyed. 25 The temple is dedicated to Varaha but may be a Dasavatara temple, as Cousens suggests, 26 as figures of these and other deities are found both on the prabhavali of the Varaha image and also on the walls of the porches. The Shrine door-way has five well preserved panels 27 each containing various figures of deity. The pillars of the mandapa and porches are plain with square massive shafts and bracket capitals of the caves. The Sikhara of the shrine was the same of the early type as that of the old temple of Gop. 28