365bet娱乐

According to this 艢颈办峁Ｄ� there are sixty three letters in the Vedic language鈥�

啶忇�曕さ啶苦�傕ざ啶むた啶班�佮�氞�嵿く啶ㄠ�嵿い啷� 啶膏�嵿さ啶班ぞ啶� 啶多が啷嵿う啶距ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶氞た啶ㄠ�嵿い啶曕�堗�冟��
啶︵�嵿さ啶苦�椸�佮ぃ啶距え啶� 啶掂�嵿く啶炧�嵿�溹え啶距え啶� 啶灌�嵿く啷囙い啶距さ啶距え啷嵿さ啶班�嵿ぃ啶膏�權�嵿�椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�冟��

ekavi峁兣沘tirucyante svar膩岣� 艣abd膩rthacintakai岣�|
dvigu峁嚹乶i vya帽jan膩ni hyet膩v膩n惫补谤峁嘺蝉a峁単raha岣�||

(Var峁嘺ratnaprad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 11)

According to this text there are twenty one vowel and forty two consonants. There is a little difference between 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� & Var峁嘺ratnaprad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ� in the classification of 惫补谤峁嘺蝉. In the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 鈥�诲耻岣�s辫峁涐梗峁璦鈥� letter is not mentioned by the author, although the 痴颈惫峁泃颈办腻谤补 mentions 68 letters including that letter 鈥�诲耻岣�s辫峁涐梗峁璦鈥�. This letter 鈥�诲耻岣�s辫峁涐梗峁璦鈥� is mainly pronounced by the 峁欢惫别诲补. According to the Var峁嘺ratnaprad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ� there are eight places of speech sound production, like chest, throat, head, root of the tongue, teeth, nostril, lips and palate^[1]. The 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also mentioned eight places of speech sound production^[2].

On the other hand, 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� explains ten places of vocal organs which help in the production of speech sound鈥�

啶︵ざ啶оぞ 啶掂ぐ啷嵿ぃ啶� 啶�啶掂え啷嵿い啶� 啶斷ぐ啶� 啶曕ぃ啷嵿�犩�嵿く 啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶ㄠ�嵿く 啶︵え啷嵿い啷嵿く啷嬥し啷嵿�熰�嵿く 啶むぞ啶侧さ啷嵿く 啶︵え啷嵿い啶�啷傕げ啷�啶� 啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距ぎ啷傕げ啷�啶�啶�啶�啶距え啷佮じ啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啶多�嵿�氞�囙い啶苦イ

da艣adh膩 var峁嚹� bhavanti aurasa ka峁囜弓hya m奴rdhanya dantyo峁ａ弓ya t膩lavya dantam奴l墨ya 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测补yam膩nusv膩ra艣ceti|

For the detailed study of Sanskrit Sounds, the Var峁嘺ratnaprad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ� describes how the tongue strikes these places of sound. 

It touches 办补峁囜弓丑补 and 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒补 with its end, 迟腻濒耻 with its middle part, 尘奴谤诲丑腻 with the part near to the point (耻辫腻驳谤补) and teeth with its point.鈥�

啶嬥さ啶班�嵿ぃ啷嬥そ啶� 啶曕さ啶班�嵿�椸ざ啷嵿�� 啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距ぎ啷傕げ啷�啶� 啶忇さ 啶氞イ
啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距ぎ啷傕げ啷� 啶�啶掂え啷嵿い啷嵿く啷囙し啶距�� 啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距ぎ啷傕げ啶� 啶� 啶曕ぐ啶｀ぎ啷嵿ゥ

峁泇ar峁噊'tha kavarga艣ca 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测补 eva ca|
jihv膩m奴le bhavantye峁Ｄ佱箖 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒补峁� ca kara峁嘺m||

(Var峁嘺ratnaprad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 27)

啶囙さ啶班�嵿ぃ啷囙そ啶� 啶氞さ啶班�嵿�椸ざ啷嵿�� 啶忇�愢�曕ぞ啶班�� 啶�啶多�堗�� 啶膏す啷�
啶むぞ啶侧�佮じ啷嵿ぅ啶距え啶� 啶�啶掂え啷嵿い啷嵿く啷囙し啶距�� 啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距ぎ啶о�嵿く啶� 啶む�� 啶曕ぐ啶｀ぎ啷嵿ゥ

ivar峁噀'tha cavarga艣ca eaik膩rau ya艣ai岣� saha|
迟腻濒耻sth膩n膩 bhavantye峁Ｄ佱箖 jihv膩madhya峁� tu kara峁嘺m||

(Var峁嘺ratnaprad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 28)

啶粪�曕ぞ啶班�嬥そ啶� 啶熰さ啶班�嵿�椸ざ啷嵿�� 啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶ㄠ�嵿く啶距�� 啶�啶班た啶曕��啶班�嵿い啶苦い啶距�冟イ
啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距く啶距�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶むた啶掂�囙し啷嵿�熰�嵿く啶距�椸�嵿ぐ啶�啷囙い啷囙し啶距�� 啶曕ぐ啶｀�� 啶膏�嵿ぎ啷冟い啶�啷嵿ゥ

峁�ak膩ro'tha 峁璦varga艣ca m奴rdhany膩岣� parik墨rtit膩岣�|
jihv膩y膩岣� prative峁ａ弓y膩gramete峁Ｄ佱箖 kara峁嘺峁� sm峁泃am||

(Var峁嘺ratnaprad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 29)

啶侧�冟げ啶膏た啶むぞ啶� 啶膏�嵿ぎ啷冟い啶� 啶︵え啷嵿い啷嵿く啶� 啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距�椸�嵿ぐ啶曕ぐ啶� 啶灌た 啶む�囙��
啶班�囙か啶多�嵿�� 啶︵え啷嵿い啶�啷傕げ啷嬥い啷嵿ぅ啷� 啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距�椸�嵿ぐ啷囙�� 啶掂た啶о��啶�啶む�囙ゥ

l峁沴asit膩岣� sm峁泃膩 danty膩 jihv膩grakara峁嘺 hi te|
repha艣ca dantam奴lottho jihv膩gre峁嘺 vidh墨yate||

(Var峁嘺ratnaprad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 30)

According to the Var峁嘺ratnaprad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the number of letters is sixty three which is summarized in the table 16.

All the letters are thus uttered from their characteristic seats of utterance. These actions of the tongue can be represented with the diagram in the margin.

Figure 3: A Sketch of inner鈥�mouth

If AB represents the roof of the mouth from the guttural part to the upper lip (Fig.2), in which (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) are positions of 办补峁囜弓丑补/箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒补m, 迟腻濒耻, 尘奴谤诲丑腻, 诲补苍迟补尘奴濒补 (teeth end) and 辞峁ａ弓丑补 respectively and (1), (2), (3) and (4) represent the end, the middle, the 耻辫腻驳谤补.

Table: 16-Sanskrit letters according to Var峁嘺ratnaprad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ�

Group	Letters and Numbers	Place of articulation.
Vowel	a, 膩, 膩3 i, 墨, 墨3 u, 奴, 奴3, 峁�, 峁�,峁�, 岣�, e, e3, ai, ai3 o, o3, au, au3 Total = 21	办补峁囜弓丑补 迟腻濒耻 辞峁ａ弓丑补 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒补 danta 办补峁囜弓丑补迟腻濒耻 办补峁囜弓丑补迟腻濒耻 ka峁囜弓hy辞峁ａ弓丑补 ka峁囜弓hy辞峁ａ弓丑补
Consonant Stops	k kh g gh 峁� c ch j jh 帽 峁� 峁環 岣� 岣峢 峁� t th d dh n p ph b bh m Total = 25	箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒补 迟腻濒耻 尘奴谤诲丑腻 danta 辞峁ａ弓丑补
Semi vowels	y v r	迟腻濒耻 诲补苍迟补尘奴濒补 danta
	l Total = 04	辞峁ａ弓丑补
Spirant	艣 s 峁� h Total = 04	迟腻濒耻 尘奴谤诲丑腻 danta 办补峁囜弓丑补
础测辞驳补惫腻丑补	kum虗 khum虗 gum虗 ghum虗 (驰补尘补惫补谤峁嘺) Total = 04	狈腻蝉颈办腻
	补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补, 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测补,耻辫补诲丑尘腻苍墨测补, visarga Total = 04	狈腻蝉颈办腻
	诲耻岣�s辫峁涐梗峁璦t膩 Total = 01	-
Vowel = 21, Consonants = 25+04+04+04+04+01=42, Total= 42+21= 63

 

[???] and the point of the tongue, then according to this 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, letter of the 办补峁囜弓丑补s and 尘奴谤诲丑腻 s are uttered when (1) touches (i); the t膩lavya惫补谤峁嘺蝉 are sounded when (2) touches (ii); the m奴rdhanya惫补谤峁嘺蝉 are results of (3) reaching (iii) and the dantya惫补谤峁嘺蝉 come out when the tongue top pushes the teeth junction.

From the above discussion it is clear that difference of the sound of 惫补谤峁嘺 is due to the sound as being emitted from the different centers of sound in the mouth. The 惫补谤峁嘺 are again enough to express the sound even the sounds of different animals. It is probable that birds and animals with a mechanism of mouth consisting of two lips, one striker (the tongue) and the sound board (the roof of the mouth)may utter all 惫补谤峁嘺蝉 correctly, provided they could control their tongue so as to touch different parts of the roof with the corresponding parts of the tongue. Some species of birds, if trained can talk like man. This literary evidence is also available in the classical Sanskrit literature like 鈥�碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨鈥�(笔奴谤惫补产丑腻驳补).

Footnotes and references:

[back to top]

[1]:

Ibid., 25

[2]:

笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,11