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The following forty-six words are listed as the synonyms of battle. 1 The word is so called, according to Yaska, from going together (sam gam) or from shouting together (sam-qr) or because two villages come together² (Niru. 3.9), 1. Ranah: The word occurs with its forms in twenty five places. Out of these, in fifteen places the word is used in the sense assigned. In other places it is used as adjective i.e. ramanaya. In two places (VI,67.11 and IX.97.53) the word is used in the sense of yajna. Sayana explains it as rananti stuvanti devan atra iti rano yajnah. 2. Vivak: The word does not occur in any of the Vedas. 5. bharai 60 akrnde 110 sabhike samitih 1. 1. rane . 2. virvak 3 vivadah 4. nadanah 7. ahave 8. aji 9. ghrtanajyam 10. abhikai 12. mamasatyam 13. nemadhita 14. samkih 15. 16. samanam 17. mide 18. purtanah 19. sprdhah 22. samatse 23. samartha 24. sumarane 25. samohe 27. samkhye samkhye 28. sai . ge 29. samyuge samyuge 30. sami gaye 31. sami . game 34. ani 35. rasati 56. varjasati 32. vrtraturye 33. prche 37. samani ke 38. khalai 43. ajme 440 sadame 26 20. murdhah 21. 21. prtsu samithe 39. khajai 400 paumsyai 41. mahadhane 42. varje 45. samyat 46. samvat | hum | 2. samgramah kasmat | samgamatadva | samgaranadva | samgatau gramaviti va |

3. Vikhadah: The word occurs in locative, only in one place (X.38.4) as an adjective to the word abhika (battle); as visesena bhaksake (samgrame). Nadanuh: The word does not occur, but the forms nadanuman nadanum occur in two places (VIII.21.4; VI.18.2) respectively. On the first, Sayana is silent; he explains the second form i.e. nadanum as Sabdavan. t 5. Bhare: The word occurs with its form bharaya in thirty eight places. In thirty four places it is used in the sense assigned. In two places sayana interpretes it as verb bharami (VII.13.1; X, 49.4) and explains as annam barhisi havir bhare sambharami. In IV.21.7 he explains bharaya as bhartum (dative infinitive) and in VI.23.9 he explains it as bharanaya posanaya. In two places he gives the alternative meaning as sacrifice; and explains in both the ways i.e. as battle as well as sacrifice. - 1 1 3 351 3. 8.13.3. samgramaya | yadva | bhiyante tasmin havimsi iti bharo yajnah | prayena samgramanamani yajnanamatvena ca drsyante | bharaya yajnartham ahvaye | 5.36.5. bhare samgrame bharanyati yajne va | C) 9.97.6. bharaya "bhr bhartsane | bhartsayanti satrunatra yodvara iti bharah samgramah | ityadamah |

gia 352 6. Akrande: The word does not occur in any of the Vedas. 7. Ahave: The word occurs with its two forms ahavam and ahavesu. In four places it is used in the sense assigned (e.g. II.23.11: ahavan ahuvate atra itvahavo yuddham). 8. Aiau: The word occurs with its forms in forty nine places. Out of these, in forty six places it is used in the sense assigned. In two places, Sayana explains the word as sacrifice (VIII.96.14; IX.66.8). He interpretes it as battle with explanation in the same context. In 1.51.3. Sayana quotes the Nighantu and says "the word belongs to 'samgramanamani'. 4 9. Prtanajyam: Its two forms prtanaiye and prtanajyesu occur in five places. In all the places it is used in the sense assigned. Sayana quotes the Nighantu while explaining the word in RV. III.8.10. He explains the word in VIII.12.25 as prtanah sena ajanti gacchanti asmin iti va, prtana liyate atra iti va. 48.96.14, ajau | ajanti macchantyatra yodvara ayudhani prapayantiti ajih samgramah tasmin | va ajanti karmartha rtvijah ityajiryajnah tasmin |

10. Abhike: The word occurs in twenty three places with its form abhikam. In ten places the word in interpreted in the sense assigned. In other thirteen places the word is used in the sense of samipa (near) and Sayana comments at least in two places (I.185.10; X.55.1) as antikanamaitat. But the word is not listed as the synonym of 'near' (Nigh.2.16). In one place (i,e. IV.24.4) he explains it as samgrama-namaitat. in uttaranamani (Nich.3.29.2). The word is also listed 11. Samike: The word occurs in five places. In four places it is used in the sense assigned. In III.30.11 the word is explained as samipe. While commenting on the ik VIII.3.5, Sayana gives alternative meaning i.e. sacrifice or battle. | 5 12. Mamasatyam: The word occurs in the locative plural form as mamasatyesu in one place (X.42.4). the sense assigned. It is used in 5. rr . 8.3.5. samgramanama | 1 samike samyaggate sampurnayage | yada | samikamiti samike samgrama indramahvayamahe | 353

} - 354 13. Nemadhita: The word occurs in four places. In three places it is used in the sense assigned (VI.33.4, VII.27.1; X.93.13). But commenting on I. 72. 4 and VI. 33.41 Sayana explains the word as ardhavacana quoting Nirukta. 6 14. Sarikant The word occurs only in one place ( VII. 75.5). It is used as adjectiver to prtana (saha kayanti Sabdayanta 1 t 1 samkan prtanah senah) 鈥� places, 15. Samitih: The word occurs with its forms in six Out of these in three places the word is used in the sense assigned. The form samitih which occurs in three places (I.95.8; X.11.8; 191.3) is not used in the sense assigned; it is interpreted as tejas or stuti samhati and praptih. 6. r. 1. 72. 4. nemadhita | nemasabdo'rdhavacanah | tatha ca yaskah . "ttvo nema ityarthasya 8 niru . 3. 208 iti sarvesam devanamarthabhagena dhiyate iti nemadhita indrah | sarve deva eko'rthah indra eka evaparo'rthah yavat 1. r. 6.33.4. nemasabdo'rdhavaci hai, niru . 3. 20. 8 ardhah katipayah purusa dhiyanta sasviti nemadhitayah samgramah || :

Fomical 355 S 16. Samanam: The word and its forms samane and samanesu occur in twelve places. In eight places the word is used in the sense assigned. In rest of the places it is used in the sense of sacrifice (IX.97.47) except in 1.48.6, where it is explained as samicina-cestavantan purusan. Sayana interpretes the word as sangrama in many ways quoting the list of synonyms.? 8 17. Milhe: The word occurs in four places. In all the places it is used in the sense assigned (VI.46.11; IX.106.12; 107.11). But in 1.100.11 Sayana explains it as dhananama. The word milhum is listed as the synonym of wealth (Nigh. 2.10.11). The word has been already explained there. f 18. Prtanah: The word occurs with its forms in forty eight places. In twenty eight places it is used in the sense assigned and in eighteen places as armies. The word has been already explained under manusyanamani (Nigh.2.3.25). 7. 8. r. 1.96.9. samana | samgramanamaitat | samanti samanti dhrsta bhavanti yodvaro atreti | tasmin samgrame | 1 r. 10.55.5. samane | ananamanah prananam | samyagananopete samgrame | r .1.100.11. milhe samgrame | milhamiti dhananama | tadvaitutvat samgramo'pi mihisabdenocyate |

r 356 19. Sprdhah: The word with its forms occurs in twenty seven places. In eight places it is used in the sense assigned, In twelve places it is explained as competing (spardhamana) and in rest of the places sayana explains it as competing enemy soldiers (e.g. X.167.2). The form spardhamanam in III.31.4 is explained as vitrena saha spardhamanam indram. 20. Mrdhah: The word occurs with its form mrdhi in twenty nine places. In ten places it is used in the sense assigned. In rest of the places either it is used as himsakan or himsakan satrun. While commenting on VIII.45.40, Sayana explains it as sammgraman (sprdhah mrdhah iti samgrama namasu pathat). 21. Prtsu: The word with its form prtsusu (1.129.4) occurs in thirty one places, Except in one place the word is used in the sense assigned. pretes the word as somesu.. In RV.II.11.15 Sayana inter- } 22. Samatsu: The word occurs in forty three places. In all the places it is used in the sense assigned. Sayana interpretes the word in two places quoting the Nighantu 9 (RV.I.5.4; 130.8), But it should be noted that the word 9. r. 1. 130.8. samatsu iti samgramanama | yadva | samyaganti maksayati viraniti samat sampurva datteh | " samatsu samarane " ni . 1. 17.22. 8 iti tannamasu pathat | |

samarane is not listed in the extant Nighantu immediately after samatsu as quoted by sayana; the word samarye is listed after samatsu. Samarane occurs after the samarye. 23. Samarye: The word occurs in twelve places, In eight places it is used in the sense assigned. In three places Sayana explains it as yajna and in one place, (III.8.5) he interpretes it as marya iti manusya nama; taih sahite. In two places he gives alternative meanings, 10 battle or sacrifice. 357 24. Samarane: The word occurs with its form: samaranam in five places. The word is explained in the sense assigned in four places. In one place (I,155,2), it is interpreted as samyag vagadesa-gamanam. 25. Samohe: The word occurs with its form in two places. In 1.8.6 the word is used in the sense of battle by Sayana But its form samoham (IV.17.13) is quoting Nighantu. explained as samudham. 10. r. 1.167. 10. samarye | saha maryah agvijo yasmin sa samaryo yajnah tasmin | samgrame va | Rs.1.178.4. AMTA fofqq. entameacafayad ad ar tannimittam | r . 10.27514. samgramavaci samarye sabdom'tra yajnavaci | yajne 1

359 26. Samithe: The word with its form samithesu occurs in fifteen places. Out of these in thirteen places the word is used in the sense assigned. In other two places' (II.24.13; VI.25.6) the word is used as sacrifice. 11 27. Sankhye: The word does not occur in any of the Vedas, " 28. 5: The word occurs in two places (IV.20.1; X.133.1) in the sense of samyoga and sangama in a battle field. 29. Samyuge: The word does not occur in any of the Vedas. 30. Sangathe: The word occurs in four places. In IX.31.4 'the word is used in the sense assigned, In other places it is used as sangamane. 31. Sangame: The word occurs with its form sangamesu in five places. In three places it is used in the sense assigned (I,102.3; X.38.3; X.131.3). In X.123.1 it is used as antarikse. 11. 2.24013. samithe samyanti samgacchate'sminnahutibhirdeva iti samitho yajnah tasmin |

mei [ 32. Vitraturye: The compound word and its form vrtraturyesu occur in fourteen places. In all the places it is used in the sense assigned; but in X.104.9 it is explained as vrtrahatyayam meghahanane. The word yrtra is listed in Meghanamani (1.10.28). The word has been already explained there. 359 33. Prkse: The word occurs with its forms in forty two places. The word is not used in the sense assigned. In 1.63.3 it is explained as samparcaniyaih viraih. The word prea is listed in annanamani. It has been already explained there (supra to Nigh.2.7.5). 34. Anau: The word occurs in one place (1.63.3) in the sense assigned. But the forms anth and anim which 4 1 occur in one places each (V.43.8; V.35.6) are explained as kila. 35. Surasatau: The word with its form Surasata occurs in twelve places. In VII,93.5, Sayana's explanation is not available on the word. In all the places the word is used in the sense assigned. 36. Vajasatau: The word with its forms vajasataye and vajasatibhih occur in fifty-one places. In six places

釣� 360 12 the word is used in the sense assigned (1.34.12; 1.10.9; IV.16.18; I.130.2; 46.7; IX.42.3). While commenting on the rk 1.34.12, Sayana interpretes the word as 'battle' and quotes the Nighantu (2.17.36) as vajasatau mahadhane, but in the extant Nighantu the word samanike is listed immediately after the word vajasatau. Mahadhane is listed four words after (Nigh.2.17.41). The word vaja is listed in annanamani (2.7.2). The word has been explained there. 37. Samanike: The word occurs in its form samanIkesu in one place (X.107.11). It is used in the sense assigned (i.e. Sangramesu). 38. Khale: The word occurs only in X. 48.7. The word is not used in the sense assigned; it is used in the sense of 'enemy'. Yaska says "The word khala belongs to samgramanama" He derives it from the root khal (to kill) or skhal " (to fall) (Niru. 3.10. khalaterva, skhalaterva). 39. Khaje: The word is used as khajakrt and khajamkarah in four places. The word is used in the sense assigned. Sayana explains the word in I.102.6 as khajati mathnati purusaniti khajah samgramah. i 12. r.1.34-12. vajasatau samgrame | vajasatau mahadhane 8 nigha . 2. 17.368 iti samgramanamasu pathat |

" 40. Paunsye: The word with its other forms occur. In forty-six places. Only in 1.56.3 paunsye is used in the sense assigned (i.e. viraih purusaih kartavye sangrame). The word paumsyani is listed in balanamani (Nigh.2.7.24). The word has been explained there. 361 1 41. Mahadhane: The word occurs in nine places with its two forms 1.e. mahadhanam and mahadhanasya. The word is used in eight places in the sense assigned. In one place Sayana interpretes it as prabhuta-dhananimittam (for abundant wealth) and gives reason with explanation. While explaining 1.40.8 he says that the word is a synonym of battle and quotes the Nighantu putting the word samika 14 13 after mahadhana but samika is listed much before i.e. as eleventh word in the list. Again while explaining the word, in VII.32.25, he says 'samgrame vajasatau mahadhane iti samgramanamasu pathat. The word vajasatau is listed in the extant Nighantu as thirtysixth word. This shows that Sayana is referring to some recension different from the present available Nighantu recension. 13. 14 r. 1.7.5. prabhutadhanalimittam | mahadhanasabdo yadyapi samgramanamasu pathitastathapi mahat dhanam anna samgrame iti bahuvrihitve antodattatva siddhe natra tat grhitam | r . 1. 40.8. prabhutadhananimitte yuddhe | mahadhaneti samgramanama | * mahadhane samike " iti tannamasu pathat | 8 nigha . 2. 17.41.8

42. Vaie: The word vajah with its forms occurs in three hundred and eleven places. The form vaje occurs in fourteen places. Out of these, in six places the word is used in the sense of battle. Including these forms it is used in the sense in twenty seven places. The word has been already explained under annanamani. (Nigh. 2.7.2) 43. Ajma: The word occurs with its forms in eighteen places. Only in two places (1.65.3; 112.17) the word is used in the sense assigned. In two places, Sayana explains it as grha (VI.4.4; VIII.43.20). In rest of the places ' it is used in the sense of anna, udaka, marga, gamana, etc. The word is also listed in grhanamani (3.4.22). 44. Sadma: The word with its forms occurs in thirty-six places. The word is not used in the sense assigned. jian The word has been already explained in Udakanamani (1.12.66). The word is also listed in grhanamani. L 362 45. Samyat: The word with its forms samyatah, samyatam, sanyata occurs in fifteen places. Only in two places samnyatah is used in the sense assigned (VIII,100.9; IX.86.15). While commenting on the rk VIII.100.9, Sayana says: samgramasya, sagman, samyatah iti samgrama-namasu pathat. But the word sacman is not included in the list of samgramanama. 1

363 It does not occur even in the whole of the Roveda. (But the form saqme occurs in one place each in Ma.4.26; Ka.4.1.9; but they are not used in the sense assigned. 1 46. Samvat: Its form samvatah occurs in three places. It is not used in the sense assigned. The word is used in the sense of direction, enemy, and army, respectively (I.191.15; V.15.3; VIII.75.15).' ma The above discussion may be given in a tabular form as follows: No, Word No.of times. used No.of times used in the sense } 25 15 1. Ranah 2. Vivak 1 3. Vikhadah 1 4. Nadanuh 2 .5. Bhare 38 34 6 * Akrande 7. Ahave 2 2 8. Ajau 49 46 9. Prtanajyam 5 5 17. 10. Abhike 23 10 11. Samike 5 4 12. Mamasatyam 1 1

No. Word No.of times used No. of times used in the sense 13. Nemadhita 4 14. Samkah 1 15. Samitih 6 8 16. Samanam 12 8 17. Milhe 4 4 18. Prtanah 48 28 19. Sprdhah 27掳 8 20. Mrdhah 29 10 21. Prtsu 31 30 22. Samatsu 43 43 23. Samarye 12 8 24. Samarane 5 4 25. Samohe 2 ra 1 26. Samithe 15 13 1 27. Samkhye 28. Sange 29. Samyuge 30. Samgathe 31, 32. INI 1 Sangame 5 3 Vrtraturya 14 14 33. Prkse 42 1 1 34. Anau 3 1 35, Surasatau 12 12 364

No. Word No. of times used 1 36. Vajasatau 37. Samanike 38. Khale 51 1 No. of times used in the sense 6 1 1 4 www 39 Khaje 1 40. Paunsye 46 8 41. Mahadhane 9 42. Vaje 311 27 2 18 43. Ajma 36 44. Sadma 2 45. Samyat 15 3 46. Samvat To conclude, four words do not occur in any of the Vedas, and nine words are not used in the sense assigned. Nine words occur only in one or two places. 365