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The following twenty three words are synonyms of 1 night. Yaska in his Nirukta (2.18) interpretes the word 107 ratri. He states, "It exhilarates the nocturnal creatures and causes the others to cease work, and makes them strong; or it may be derived from the root ra, meaning to give; the dew is given out during this period." The word ratri is not included in the list of synonyms. 2 3 1. Syavi: The word with its other forms occurs in twelve places, in the RV. Only in two places the word is interpreted as night according to Sayana. In three places the 4 1. 1. syavi 2. ksupa 3. sarvari 4. aktuh 5. urmya 60 ra myo 8. namyo 9. dosam 10. nakti | ma 鈥� 11 tamah 12 - rajeh 鈥� 鈥� 16 ghrtaci 7. sirina 2. 7. yamyo 13. akini 14. paryasvati 15 tamasvati 18.477 19.374 20.34: 21.98: 22.TEHT 23.9797' ratrih kasmat | praramayati bhutani naktancarani | uparamayanitarani dhruvikaroti | ratarvasyadanakarmanah | pradiyante asyamavasanayah | 3. syavih, syavinam syavayo'bhyah, syava, ghyavah, ghyava | 40 syavyabhyah 6.15.17. prayaviti ratrinama | tatra bhavattamasah samhatayah syavyah tabhyah sakasat | 6.48.6. syavah syavavarna ratrisca | 6. 46.8. syavasu syavavarna krsnasu | 1

" word is used as an adjective to night; and it is used to 5 denote the dark colour. In other places Sayana interpretes it differently. 108 2. Ksapa: The word occurs in the RV. in twenty places 6 with its forms. Except in one place, 7 the word is intarpreted as night. In one place sayana interpretes it 8 differently. The word ksapa is listed under udakanamani also in the Nighantu ( I. 12. 30). 3. Sarvari: The word in its form barvarin occurs only once in the RV.V.52.3; Sayana gives the meaning as 'nights' (plural). 5. 8.46.22. syakinam syavavarnanam vadavanam | 8.55.5. payavih kapila gah 2. 102.2. syava prayavavarnavisva 4 1.117.84 syavaya kustarogena syamavarnaya rsaye | dharmah, ksupah ksapabhih ksapam pavana ksapavin . 6. :. 7 .8. 1.79.6.84: 894 | 10.77.2. ksapah ksapavitrayah, senah raksasadin svakiyaih purusaih badhasva | 'ksapa ksantyam * 1 3.55 17. ksapavan | ksipati satrunudakam va iti ksepanavan | ca .1.44.8. ksapah ksapa iti ratrinama | ata iti yogavibhagat akaralopah |

109 4. Aktuh: The word occurs with its forms in forty seven places, 9 In thirty four places it is used in the sense of night.. and in one place he gives the meaning as 'day. In other places sayana interpretes it differently 10 .11 5. Urmya: The word occurs in eight places with its 12 forms. Sayana interpretes these as night (VI.49.10, 1.184.2; II.4.3; VIII.96.1; VI.10.4; 65.2; VI.48.6; V.61.17; and X.127.6). A few examples are given below, 13 9. aktuna aktubhih aktusu aktun aktoh, akto 10. aktuh 2.30.1. secakam protah | aktuna 2.10.3. a janada aktuh tamah tena tamasa 2.19.3. aktuna tejasa | 1.36.16 aktubhih ayudhaih | 3.17.1. aktubhih anjanasadhanairdhrtadibhih | 4.15.3. kantibhih | 6.69.3. teji sbhih | 10.92 2. aktu na, svarasmibhira jakamadityamiva | 6.65.1. aktusa naksatradi tejamsi | 11. 7.11.3. ahamh | yathapyakturiti ravernama tathapyatrajyante vyajyante rupadinyasminnityaddaninama | 12. uyah, uyayah urmyatu, amrmye 1 13. 1.184.2. urmya, ratrinamaitat ratrau | yada | urmiriti gomanama " urmiryaste pavitra a * sra . sam . 4.64.11.8 ityadisu tathaprayogat | urdhyah 20403. ratrih sarvasu ratrisu | P ' J u 5. 6117. satridevi | upaiti ratrinama | I s

[ 5 110 6. Ramyah: The word occurs only in four places with its forms (i.e. ramyanam and ramayasu). In three places the word is interpreted as night and in one place it is interpreted as ramanahetubhutah (usasah) (RV. II.2.8). Sayana interpretes the word with explanation while commenting on the RV. III. 34.3. " .7. Yamya: The word in its forms occurs in five places (1.e. yamyah, yamyam and yamya). The word yamya comes in three places. Sayana interpretes it as yuqma or yugala, and in one place (III.55.11) yamarupe mithuna bhute ahasca ratrisca-iti. The word yamyam is (x.10.7) interpreted as yamim 8. Namya: The word occurs only once in the RV. (1.57.7) Sayana interpretes it, as satrusu namanasilena. word. Vajrena: The meaning 'night' is not assigned to this J 15 9. Dosa: The word in its forms occurs in twenty one places In all the places Sayana interpretes in the sense assigned. 140 3.34.3. ETFIT: PHOI Fatta: HE DISTETH:, akezifa etrit: etay: 1 araf etatomu i 15. atem, ater:, atory, atation: 1

1 111 16 10. Nakta: The word occurs with its forms' in thirtyeight places. Sayana interpretes it in the sense assigned, The compound word naktosasa also appears in five places, 5 , Sayana explains them as night and usas. Yaska (Niru. 8. 10) ' interpretes the word as natka. He says that it is the synonym of night: 'it anoints beings with dew; or else It is called night because its colour is 'indistinct. .17 18 in one . 11. Tamah: The word is used with its forms hundred and sixteen places. Only in three places it is used as night (tamasah 1.50.10, III.39.3; X.1.1). In onehundred and two places the word is interpreted by Sayana as darkness. In rest of the places it is explained differently. 19 1 16. navatam naktabhih, naktaya, nakti ': 17. niru . 8. 10. usasanakta | usasca nakta ca | usavyayyata naktaiti ratrinama | anakti bhutanyavasyayena | 18 '18" 19. tamasah, tasa toti tate tamoti tamah gam, tamah 'bhih tamah vrdheh, tamah hano 1.33.10. tamasa andhakararupat maighat | 3.5.1. ajnanasya | 10.162.6. nidraya | 2. 23. 18. tamasa vrtrasurena | 9.7. tamamti raksamti |

112 . 12. Rajah: The word occurs in one hundred and seventyeight places with its forms. Out of these in thirty places it is interpreted as water by sayana. In some places he quotes Yaska (Niru.4.19) 21 In other places the word is 22 explained as loka, mainly the atmospheric region, again quoting Yaska's Nirukta (4.19). In two places the word is interpreted as bhuloka or prthiviloka (X.143.2; V.69.1). The word is interpreted in six places as heaven or dyuloka 路 5 (1.110.6; 139.4; IX.22.5; 77.2; VII, 21.6, V.69.4). The 23 word ratansi refers to the 'three worlds, In seven places The word rajah sayana gives alternative interpretations. 24 is also listed in the fourth chapter (Ni.4.1.39). nowhere he interpretes in the sense of the night. But The word rajeti rajehbhih, rajaih su, 20. rajamsi rajesah, rajasa rajeh 5 isitam, rajah 9 turem, rajah 5 tah 21. 1.160.1, 2.30.7. 22. 2.40.3, 1.164.6. 23. 24掳 1.164.6. rajamsi ra janatmakani ksityadi lokatraya bhimanini agnivasvadityarupani rajati | 4. 53.5. ranjanatmakani trini ksityantariksa ghulaksanan trin lokan | ityadayah | 4. 45. 2. rajah tejah | yadva | rajo ntariksam | 2.39.7. rajamsi sthananyudakani va | udakam raja ucyate nila . 4. 19.8 6.7.7. udakani lokanu va | 10. 111.2. udakani bhuvanani va | 1. 168.6. rajasah | vrstayudakasya lokasya va | 6.71.1. lokasyodakasya rajah tuh 86.2.2.8 udakamatra raja ucyate tasya vrstilaksanasya prerayita | yadva | rajasam lokanam tarita ganta |

h 7 $ rajah is listed in dyava-prthivinamadheyani (N 1.3.30.4) } 路 and 'used' in the sense assigned. Yaska in his Nirukta (4.19) explains: "Rajas is derived from the root ran (to glow). The two lights are called rajas, "water is called rajas," worlds are called 'rajas,' 'blood and day 25 are called rajas (RV.III.9.1). Durga illustrates the various meanings of rajas by suitable examples. 26掳 5 Sayana gives the other meaning as jyoti also. } 13. Asikni: Its forms' 27 occur in six places. In four places the word is interpreted in the sense assigned. other two places it is explained differently. 28 In I 113 25. niruh 4.19. rajo rakteh | jyoti raja ucyate | udakam raja ucyate | lokarajasyudhyante | asugahani rajati ucyete | 26. 1.83.2. rajah jyotih suryasambandhi | 135.9. tejasa | 3.48.1. tejasah 27. ' arsikani, asiknim, asiknaya, asiknyam 28. any, asiknih 8.5.3. asitavarna rajasya asiknya 5.75.5. avayavabhutaya sahita 1 > $

2 114 2 Yaska explains in his Nirukta (9.26) the word asiknya. He states: "Asikni means non-bright, non-white. The word sitam is a synonym of white colour, its antithesis is denoted by a-sitam. "29 30 14. Payasvati: The word with its forms' comes in four places. Sayana does not give the meaning assigned, He interpretes it as udakavati and quotes Nirukta (5.2) while explaining the Rk.VI, 70.2: bahudhane udakavatyau (having many streams and rich in water). Durga interpretes it as (heaven and earth) rich in clarified butter. k 15. Tamasvati: The word is not used in the Rgveda. AV XIX .47.2) 16. Chrtaci: The word comes in eighteen places with 31 its forms. Nowhere it is used in the sense of night. Even where it occurs, it is used in the sense of sruk (ladle) which is used for affering oblations, 29. asiknyasukla sita | sitamiti varnanama, | tatpratisedho sitamh 1. | 30. qurant:, qurant at 1 31. ghrtaci, ghrtaci ghrtacya 1 } 1

115 17. Sirina: Its form sirinayam occurs only once in the RV.II.10.3. Sayana explains it in the sense assigned. 32 18, Moki The word occurs only once in the RV. Sarana interpretes it as night and quotes the Nighantu (1.7.18). 19. Soka: The word does not occur in the Rgveda. 20. Udhah: The word occurs with its forms 33 in fortynine places. Sayana interpretes the word, as night, only in four places (V.34.3; X.5.1; 61.9; 73.9). In five places the word is explained as atmosphere and as cloud in six places. In thirteen places sayana interpretes the word in relation with cow's udder. Sayana gives alternative 34 meanings in five places. 32掳 In other places he gives 2.10.3. siryante 'syam bhutani iti sirina ratrih | tasyam | 33. arthah su, amdha, arthani | 340 1.52.3. uddhrtajalanati antarikse | uni utu urdhvam priya asmin jalamiti adhah | 4.3.10. udhara antariksam megham va | 7:56.4. udhyantarikse svakiye jathare va | 101.1. uddhatam megham yadva | luptopametat | atha iva payasa asrayabhutam megham | 10.27. 14. uthah sthaniyamadityam | yadva | gaurudho yatha tadvadatityam dyaurdharayati | 10.45.3. udhan | athati udhasthaniya adityamandale yajne varsa | f

i 116 35 different interpretations. Yaska derives the word 'Whas' from ud han or from upa nah. It means the udder of a cow. From the analogy of giving fatty fluids night is called udhas also (Niru.6.19). 36 21, Payah: The word occurs in one hundred and seven 37 'places with its forms. In forty eight places the word is used in the sense of milk and in thirty five places it is explained as water. In thirteen places the word is interpreted as either soma or rasa, mainly in the IX Mandala. Nowhere the word is interpreted as night. The word payah is listed in other two sections also: 1) Udakanamani. 1.12.32 11) Annanamani 2.7.3. The word is interpreted in the RV. IX.66.30 as somalaksanamannam, 35掳 3.19. upasthaniya jalapradesam | 5.32.2. janam 1 8.3109. yonim | 9.107.5. somavalli laksanam 10.32.8. aread aturfes eta: 100. 11. uddhatataram dronakalasam | 4. 108. yajne | 36. gorudha uddhatataram bhavati | uponaddhamitiva | snehanupadanasamanyadra- trirapyudha ucyate | niru . 6.198.. 37. payati, paryasa'iva, paryati, paryamsa, paryasah paryah 'bhih, vyatha, gybor:, qq:sqd:, gygy, gysgu'r i L }

117 $ 38 22. Hima: The word with its forms occurs in twelve places. Wwx 4 I Only in one place Sayana gives the sense as night. In four places he gives the meaning as water, and in other five places he interpretes it as hima (snow). While interpreting the word himavanta in X.121.4, he explains it as 'mountains having snow. While explaining the Rk. I.116.8, Sayana gives alternative meaning and says that the word belongs to aharnama. Yaska interpretes the word hima while explaining the word himanta. He states "Winter is full of snow. Hima (snow) is derived from the root han (to injure) or from hi (to hasten). He interpretes hima as water (Niru.6.36) 36140 23. Vasvi: The word occurs in ten places, with its 41 39 forms. sayana does not interprete it in the sense of night. He explains it as "prasasta." 38. hima, himene, himavantah, himamda iva, himya' iva | 39. 1.34.1. ferua fenyaut etana 1 40. himenodakena | niru . 5.368 hemanto himavan | himam narhante | hiniteva | niru . 4.278 feat at 41. vasvah, vasvibhih vasvyo | 1 " +

1 form: The above discussion may be summarised in a tabular 118 Words No. of times used in the RV. No.of times used in the sense assigned 1 Syavi 19 2 2 Kvara 20 i 18 3 Sarvari 1 4 Aktuh 47 5 Urmya 8 3 8 6 Ramya 4 3 7 Yamya 5 t } 8 Namya 1 21 1 1 21 9 Dosa 10 Nakta 38 38 11 Tamah 116 3 E 12 Rajah 176 13 Asinkbi 6 14 Payasvati 15 Tamasvati 16 Ghrtaci 18 17 Sirina 1 1 18 Moki 1 19 SokI 20 Udhah 21 Payah 49 107 1- 22 Hima 1 23 Vasvi 10 29 12 .1

119 To conclude, ksapa, rajah, and payah are also listed in other sections of the Nighantu. Only ksapa is interpreted in the sense of night in eighteen places out of twenty places in the RV. But the other above mentioned two words are not used as synonyms of night though they occur one hundred and seventy eight and one hundred and seven places respectively. : The words camas temasvat ti and moki are not at all used-inthe Vedas; The words namya, pavasvati, ghrtaci and vasvl occur in the RV. but they are not interpreted as the synonyms of night. The words sarvari, aktuh, yamya, tamah, udhah and hima are rarely used in the sense of night. The words sarvari, namya, moki and Sirina each occur only once in the RV.