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This unit consists of thirty six adhyayas, viz.28-70 and 176-178 and describes the holy places in Orissa. According to Dr.Hazra it should be divided into four groups: } (i) Chs.28 (1-8), 42 (35 to the end), 44-69, 70 (1-11) and 176-178 on Purusottama-ksetra or Puri sacred to Visnu. (ii) Chs.28 (9 ff.)- 33 on Konarka sacred to the sunGod. (iii) Chs, 34-41 on Ekamra-ksetra or Bhuvanesvara sacred to siva and (iv) ch. 42 (1-34) on Virajaksetra or Jajpore sacred to Devi. Hunter in the history of Orissa describes it as

81 121 follows: "Orissa is divided into four greater regions of pilgrimage. From the moment the pilgrim passes the Naitarani river on the high road forty miles north-east of Cuttack, he trades on holy ground. Behind him lies the secular world, with its cares for the things of this life, before him is the promised land, which he has been taught to regard as a place of preparation for heaven. On the southern side of the river rises To the southshrine after shrine to siva, the all-destroyer. east is the region of pilgrimage sacred to the sun, now scarcely with its matchless ruins looking down in desolate beauties across the Bay of Bengal. To the south-west is the region of pilgrimage dedicated to siva, with its city of temples, which once clustered, according to native tradition, to the number of 7000 around the sacred lake. Beyond this, nearly due south, is the region of pilgrimage beloved of Visnu, known to every Hamlet throughout India, and to every civilised nation on earth, as the abode of Jagannatha, the lord of world."77 The description of Orissa given in the Brahma Purana tallies with the above description. It should be noted that the Brahma Purana refers to the pool of Markendeya (56.73), the vata tree (60.18), the sea (60.10), the Indradyumna pool (63.2-5), the idols of krsna, Samkarsana and Subhadra (57.22,23,58), Gundicayatra (ch.66), Purusottamaksetra (177.16,17,24,25) the special Snana festival 77 Hunter, History of Orissa, Vol. 1, P. 82. }

122 82 of Jagannatha on the full moon day of Jyestha (ch.65), Konarka ath (ch.28), Dumanmanjika (28.53), Ekamraka (34.40), (41.11), Bindusaras (41.53), Sivaksetra (41.93), Kapilatirtha (41.91), Virajaksetra (42.1-12), Vaitarani river (42.4), the eight tirthas, viz. Kapila, Gograha, Soma, Alabu, Mrtyunjaya, Krodatirtha, Vasuka and Siddhakesvara (42.6,7), Viraja mata (42,1,11), Pancatirtha (43.12), (63.1), (61.63-71), Jagannatha (42.37), Utkalaksetra (42.44-49), king Indradyumna (43.89), Nyagrodha (45.53), story of Indranila, idcl of lord Purusottama covered with sand and shrubs (45.71-89), Indradyumnasaras (51.29), Nrsimha worship (A.58), Markandeyavata (60.11), Dolayatra (63.18), and Acyutamandira (63.21). important and significant for the history and religious sanelity of Orissa. Moreover, the story regarding the idols of krsna, Balarama and Subhadra are also important for the traditional 78 history of Orissa. All these references are Again the Brahma Purana states that the holy Purusottamaksetra forbids all the wranglings between saivas and Bhagavatas?9 In the description of Jagannatha temple, a cakra is mentioned and the Brahma Purana also refers to it. 80 78 For the different versions of this story, vide Sandesara B.J.. Jagannathapuri and Orissa 79 Brahma Purana 56.64-66 & 69-70. (in Guj.), PP.36 ff. 80 51.70-71, cf. also Naradiya P. (Uttara) 55.10-11.

83 123 Regarding the adhyayas 27-43 describing the Sun-worship Dr. Hazra states that the chapters on Sun-worship of the Br.P. are borrowed from the Samba-Purana, That most of the verses of the adhs. 29-33 of the Brahma Purana originally belonged to some other source is proved according to him by the fact that though in the Brahma Purana (28.5) Brahma begins, at the request of the sages to describe the place of Konaditya or Konarka situated in Utkala (or epdradesa) on the northern shore of the salt-ocean, in chs. 29-33 he is found to describe Mitravana situated on the bank of the candrasarit mostly in the same verses as found in the Samba P. and the Bhavisya P. no mention being made by him of Konaditya, utkala or of the ocean in these chapters. The story element again starts in the adh. 32. Here Aditi, Daksa's daughter prays for a son and thus in connection with Surya-worship, the link of the genealogy of Daksa's family is established. The story of Surya-samjna given in the adh.6 is again repeated in the adh.32-48. It is again repeated in the adh.89, the name Samjna is changed to Usa and the names Visti and Tapi are added in the progeny of Sun. The minor variations in the stories are not very important. After treating the Surya-worship in the adhs.28-33, the story of siva is introduced in the adh.34 all of a sudden its having no connection with the adh. 33. The case of the

84 124 siva story appears strange as it is narrated without any inquiry on the part of Munis but the case becomes explicable when the underlying purpose i.e. to describe the Bhuvanesvara or Ekamraksetra among the sacred places of Orissa is taken into consideration. In the adh. 34. 27-33 the story of Daksa's birth is given which was narrated in the adh. 2. 34-47, the difference being that here it is said that Daksa was reborn as a result of lord siva's curse whereas the story of the curse is not given in the adh. 29 Moreover, here, i.e. in the adh. 34.39 the self born body of Daksa in his previous birth is referred to. The adhyayas 176 and the following are connected with the adh. 69 as they treat of one and the same topic, viz. holy places in Orissa but they seem to be wrongly separated by the Gautami-mahatmya inserted between them. The adhyayas 176 containing the greatness of Vasudeva and the adh. 177 containing the greatness of Purusottamaksetra seem to be added afterwards. The story of Kandu in the adh.178 seems to have been added later than Chs.176-177掳 81 This story is told by Vyasa, whereas in all other chapters in Orissa, Brahma is the speaker. Moreover, the story is inserted all 81 The charming legend of the Sage Kandu is printed in Lassen's 'Anthologia Sanskritica' translated into German by A.W.V. Schlegel, Indische Bibliothek, I, 1822,P.257 ff. and into French by A.L.Chezy in JAI, 1822, P.2 ff. The legend is also related in Visnu P. 1,15 Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, P. 534.

R 85 125 on a sudden without any previous hint, the connecting link being provided by the statement that the sage Kandu lived at the Purusottamaksetra (1 78. 1,2). As regards the narrators, it should be stated that Again all the chapters of this unit except the adh. 178 are narrated by Brahma whereas Vyasa is the narrator in the adh.178. from the point of view of contents, all the colophons are consistent except the colophon of the adh. 34 which does not " mention the contents. 7