Ahicchatra, Ahi-cchatra, 础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻: 21 definitions
Introduction:
Ahicchatra means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Ahicchatra.
Images (photo gallery)
In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopedia1) Ahicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�).鈥擳his was the capital of the state Ahicchatra which Dro峁嘺 got from Drupada, the King of P膩帽c膩la.
2) Ahicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�).鈥擜 state under the sovereignty of King P膩帽c膩la. On the completion of his studies under Dro峁嘺 Arjuna brought before his preceptor King Drupada as a captive in discharge of the duty he owed to him as his master. Drupada then gave the state of Ahicchatra to Dro峁嘺 and got his release. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, 膧di Parva, 艢lokas 73 to 76, Chapter 137).
: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and placesAhicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�) is a name mentioned in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (cf. V.19.30) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (mentioning Ahicchatra) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 艣濒辞办补蝉 (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.
The Purana (啶啶班ぞ啶�, pur膩峁嘺s) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Kavya (poetry)
Source: Wisdom Library: Kath膩sarits膩garaAhicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�) is the name of an ancient city, according to the Kath膩sarits膩gara, chapter 28. Accordingly, 鈥�... once on a time the prince [son of king G奴岣峢asena] set out for Ahicchatra in order to be married, having first decided on his friend鈥檚 marriage. And, as he was journeying with his troops, in the society of that friend, mounted on an elephant, he reached the bank of the Ik峁vat墨, and encamped there鈥�.
The Kath膩sarits膩gara (鈥榦cean of streams of story鈥�), mentioning Ahicchatra, is a famous Sanskrit epic story revolving around prince Narav膩hanadatta and his quest to become the emperor of the 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补蝉 (celestial beings). The work is said to have been an adaptation of Gu峁嚹佱笉hya鈥檚 B峁沨atkath膩 consisting of 100,000 verses, which in turn is part of a larger work containing 700,000 verses.
Kavya (啶曕ぞ啶掂啶�, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or 鈥榚pic poetry鈥� and natya, or 鈥榙ramatic poetry鈥�.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Nighantu (Synonyms and Characteristics of Drugs and technical terms)
: WorldCat: R膩j nigha峁囜弓u础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻 (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶班ぞ) is another name for 艢补迟腻丑惫腻, an unidentified medicinal plant, according to verse 4.10-13 of the 13th-century Raj Nighantu or R膩janigha峁囜弓u. The fourth chapter (艣补迟腻丑惫腻诲颈-惫补谤驳补) of this book enumerates eighty varieties of small plants (辫峁泃丑耻-办峁辫补). Also see the description of the plant 惭颈艣谤别测腻. Together with the names 础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻 and 艢补迟腻丑惫腻, there are a total of twenty-four Sanskrit synonyms identified for this plant.
膧yurveda (啶嗋く啷佮ぐ啷嵿さ啷囙う, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of 膧yurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
: Google Books: Manthanabhairavatantram1) Ahicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�) is the name of an ancient city located in Madhyade艣a, according to the according to the Kularatnoddyota, one of the earliest Kubjik膩 Tantras.鈥擜ccordingly, while describing V峁沰峁n膩tha鈥檚 entry into the world: 鈥淸...] (Then having done all that he) went to a city of excellent Brahmins there in Madhyade艣a called Ahicchatra. There he graced the holy Brahmins (by initiating them) into the supreme Kula practice. Once he had done that, he led them, numbering one and a quarter billion, along the path of the Wheel in the Void, the abode of the supreme plane. [...]鈥�.
Note: V峁沰峁n膩tha first visits the main sites the goddess had established. He descends into the lowest worlds and ascends to the highest heavens. Then, once he has completed his personal pilgrimage, he turns his attention to his mission and moves on to other parts of India to spread the goddess鈥檚 teachings. The first is Ahicchatra. This ancient city is identified with modern R膩managar, a town twenty miles west of Bareli in Rohilkha峁囜笉a, a district of Uttar Pradesh.
2) Ahicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�) is defined as the birth-place of 叠丑别谤颈苍腻迟丑补鈥攐ne of the Nine N膩thas according to verse 43.177ff of the 峁峁璼膩hasrasa峁僪it膩, an expansion of the Kubjik膩matatantra: the earliest popular and most authoritative Tantra of the Kubjik膩 cult.鈥擳he Nine N膩thas (found in various Kubjik膩 Tantras) generally represent a well-known group of Siddhas. According to the Kulakaulin墨mata, these Nine N膩thas originally resided in 膧din膩tha鈥檚 body as his vital breaths from which they emerged and were born as men in nine places. The birth place of 叠丑别谤颈苍腻迟丑补 is known by the name Ahicchatra.
Shakta (啶多ぞ啶曕啶�, 艣膩kta) or Shaktism (艣膩ktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
General definition (in Hinduism)
: Google Books: Encyclopaedia of the Hindu WorldAhicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�).鈥擠uring the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 war and afterwards Ahicchatra played an important role as a political and cultural centre. Names of its several philosopher-kings are mentioned in the Upani峁ds. During the Maurya period, the town was known for its business in pearls. From the 2nd century B.C. to the middle of the fourth century A.D. it was the capital of the Mitra dynasty.
The excavations conducted at Ahicchatra have brought to light the remains of several Brahmanical temples made of bricks. A large number of terracotta figures have been unearthed. Some of them are of considerable height. They represent Ga峁単膩, Yamun膩, Vi峁ａ箛u, 艢iva, Um膩 and other deities. Some of the terracotta plaques display anecdotes from the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补. One inscribed sealing obtained in the excavations refers to Ahicchatra as a Bhukti (province) of the Gupta Empire.
The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen-Tsang visited Ahicchatra in the 7th century A.D. He mentions that in this town there were more that 10 monasteries, 9 Deva-temples and 4 small st奴pas built on the spots associated with previous Buddhas. The Chinese pilgrim further states that the people of this place were honest and diligent in learning and they cultivated grain and grew woods, and the climate was pleasant. Ahicchatra has variant names, such as Ahi办峁迟谤补, Ahicchat迟谤腻, Adhicchatra, Adhicchat迟谤腻, etc.
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita SastraAhicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�).鈥擟apital of northern Pa帽cala; today Ramnagar, near Aonla, in the Barailly district of Rohilkand; it was part of the kingdom of Drupada, in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补. Ptolemy records the Adeisattroi and the city of Adisdara.
Hiuan tsang visited Wo hi chi ta lo: 鈥淥utside the main city, there is a n膩ga pool beside which there is a st奴pa built by king A艣oka. It is there that the Tath膩gata, while he was still in the world, preached the Dharma for seven days for the benefit of a nagar膩ja.鈥�
E. Bazin-Foucher, Sur une monnaie du Pa帽c膩la, compared this Buddhist story of the n膩ga with information given to Cunningham by the brahmins of Rohilkhand: 鈥淭hey told a strange story of a snake鈥� An old tradition going back to the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, has it that Dro峁嘺, the conqueror of Pa帽c膩la, one day found Adi, the founder of the 鈥榝ort鈥�, asleep in a cradle formed by the hood of a cobra; his future elevation to the throne was then foretold; and it is this extraordinary occurrence that gave the city its name of Snake-parasol.鈥�
The same writer sees in the form Ahicchatra the product of a popular etymology and proposes to read Adicchatra, 鈥楶arasol of Adi鈥�, based on the reading Adhicchatra found in the List of Br膩hm墨 Inscriptions of L眉ders and on the variant Adisatra, attested in a manuscript of Ptolemy. According to him, the n膩ga, the appointed protector of Ahicchatra (cf. Divy膩vag膩na, p. 435 sq.), was represented on a coin from northern Pa帽cala showing an individual hitherto unknown but who is none other than a many-headed n膩ga.
Mahayana (啶す啶距く啶距え, mah膩y膩na) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many 蝉奴迟谤补蝉 of which some of the earliest are the various Praj帽膩p膩ramit膩 蝉奴迟谤补蝉.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
: archive.org: Sum Jaina Canonical Sutras (vividhatirthakalpa)Ahicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�).鈥擲a峁僰hy膩vat墨 was the earlier name of Ahicchatra. P膩r艣van膩tha wandered about in this town. Kama峁環as奴ra, inimical to P膩r艣van膩tha, caused an incessant shower of rains, inundating the entire earth. P膩r艣van膩tha was immersed in water up to his neck. To protect him, the N膩gar膩ja of the place, accompanied by his queens, appeared on the scene, held a canopy of his thousand hoods over his head, and coiled himself round his body. That is the reason why this town was named Ahicchatra.
Here grow various medicinal plants and herbs: Jayant墨, N膩gadamani, Sahadev墨, Apar膩jita, Lak峁峁嚹�, Trivar峁嚹�, Nakul墨, Sakul墨, Sarp膩k峁Ｄ�, Suvar峁嘺艣il膩, Mohan墨, 艢y膩mal墨, Ravibhakt膩, Nirvi峁Ｄ�, May奴ra艣ikh膩, Salya, Vi艣aly膩, etc. Here are to be seen many popular shrines, viz., Harihara, Hira峁噛agarbha, Ca峁囜笉ik膩bhavan, Brahmaku峁囜笉a, and the like. This town is the birth-place of the great sage, K峁涐梗峁嘺.
: archive.org: TrisastisalakapurusacaritraAhicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�) is the name of a city associated with J膩峁単ala, which refers to one of the 25陆 countries of the 碍峁迟谤腻谤测补蝉, situated in the 鈥渕iddle world鈥� (madhyaloka), according to chapter 2.3 [补箩颈迟补苍腻迟丑补-肠补谤颈迟谤补] of Hemacandra鈥檚 11th century Tri峁峁ａ弓i艣al膩k膩puru峁caritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.
Accordingly:鈥斺�淚n these 35 zones on this side of M膩nu峁ttara and in the Antaradv墨pas, men arise by birth; [...]. From the division into 膧ryas and Mlecchas they are two-fold. The 膧ryas have sub-divisions [e.g., 办峁迟谤补 (country)]. [...] The 办峁迟谤腻谤测补蝉 are born in the 15 Karmabhumis. Here in Bharata they have 25陆 places of origin (e.g., J膩峁単ala), distinguishable by cities (e.g., Ahicchatra) in which the birth of T墨rthak峁泃s, Cakrabh峁泃s, K峁涐梗峁嘺s, and Balas takes place鈥�.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
: Google Books: Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻 is the name of an ancient capital of Northern P膩帽c膩la.鈥擳he 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 mentions 础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻 as the capitcal of Northern P膩帽c膩la, the river Bh膩g墨rath墨 forming the dividing line between the Northern and Southern P膩帽c膩la. However, the Divy膩vad膩na and the Kumbhak膩ra-j膩taka mention two different capitals of Northern P膩帽c膩la, the former refers to the city of Hastin膩pura while the latter to the city of Kampillanagara. K膩mpilyanagara (or Kampillanagara), however, was the capital of Southern P膩帽c膩la.
Note: 础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻 is identified with modern Ramnagar near Aonla in the Bareilly District, while K膩mpilya is identified with K膩mpil on the Ga峁単膩 between Badaun and Farrukhabad.
: archive.org: The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval IndiaAhicchatra or Ahichchhatra.鈥擱amnagar, twenty miles west of Bareli, in Rohilkhand. The name of Ahicchatra is at present confined to the great fortress in the lands of Alampur Kot and Nasratganj. It was the capital of North Pa帽cala or Rohilkhand (Dr. F眉hrer M.A.I., and Cunningham, Anc. Geo., p. 359). It was also called Chatravati (Chhatravati) (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 膧di-parva, ch. 168). It is Adhichatra (Adhichhatra) of the inscriptions (Epigraphia Indica, vol. II p 432, note by Dr. F眉hror). It is also called Ahi办峁迟谤补 (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, Vana Parva., ch. 252). In Jaina works, Ahichatra is said to be the principal town of the country called Ja峁僩ala which therefore was nnothor name for North Pa帽cala (see Weber鈥檚 Indische Studien, xvi, p. 398).
: archive.org: Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptionsAhicchatra is another name for Ahi办峁迟谤补: a place name ending in 办峁迟谤补 mentioned in the Gupta inscriptions. Ahi办峁迟谤补 is transformed into Ahicchatra or Ahichatra in the way that 办峁迟谤补 is changed to cchatra or chatra.
: archive.org: The ocean of story (history)础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻 (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶班ぞ) is also known Ahi办峁迟谤补, Ahik峁tra and Adhichha迟谤腻. The later form is found in the inscriptions (see Epigraphia Indica, vol. ii, p. 243). It is referred to in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, 膧diparva, sect. clxviii, as Chhatravat墨, and is the 鈥橭-丑颈-肠丑颈-迟补-濒辞 of Hiuen Tsiang (a.d. 629). For his account see S. Beal, Buddhist Records of the Western World, vol. i, pp. 200-201. [础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻] has been identified by Cunningham (Ancient Geography of India, vol. i, p. 359 et seq.) with R膩mnagar, twenty miles west of Bareli, in Rohilkhand. The name 础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻 is now confined to the great fortress in the lands of 鈥樐�lamp奴r K艒峁� and Nasratga帽j. It was the capital of North Pa帽c膩la or Rohilkhand. (See F眉hrer, Monumental Antiquities and Inscriptions in the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh, p. 26 et seq.; and Nundolal Dey, 鈥淕eographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India,鈥� Indian Antiquary, vol. xlviii, 1919, Supp., pp. 2-3.) In Jaina works [础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻] is described as the chief town of Ja峁単ala, another name for North Pa帽c膩la (Weber, Indische Studien, vol. xvi, p. 398).鈥攏.m.p.
: What is India: Inscriptions of the 艢il膩h膩rasAhicchatra refers to an ancient name of Ayyavole, mentioned in the 鈥淜olh膩pur stone inscription of Ga峁囜笉ar膩ditya鈥�. Among those who agreed to levy the dues and taxes on the articles manufactured and sold (in Kava岣峞golla) the most noted was the Trading Corporation of Ayyavole, also called Ahicchatra, which was known as V墨ra-Ba峁嘺帽jas (the Heroic Traders).
This stone inscription (mentioning Ahicchatra) is on the right side of the temple of the Jaina T墨rtha峁卥ara P膩r艣van膩tha near the former 艢ukrav膩ra gate of Kolh膩pur. It records certain taxes and dues levied by the Trading Corporation of the V墨ra-Ba峁嘺帽jas and certain merchants and representatives of towns. It is dated on the fifth tithi of the dark fortnight of K膩rttika in the 艢aka year 1058, the cyclic year being R膩k峁sa.
: Shodhganga: New look on the kushan bengaliAhicchatra is situated in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. The excavation have revealed here various strata of dwelling houses, streets and brick temples. Altogether nine strata, dating from pre 300 B.C to A.D 1100 were exposed here. Stratum IV belongs to Kushan period (AI, I). The Kushan occupation of the city is marked by the appearance of Kushan coins, ceramic and terracotta evidences. An inscribed Buddhist image, having the name of Bodhisattva Maitreya on its pedestal is another important discovery. It is made of Mathura red sand stone and stylistically belongs to Kushan period
: Ancient Buddhist Texts: Geography of Early BuddhismAhicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�) or Chatravat墨 (modern Ramnagar) is one of the alleged ancient capitals of 鲍迟迟补谤腻辫补帽肠腻濒补 (Northern Pancala), one of the two districts of Kuru: one of the sixteen Mah膩janapadas of the Majjhimadesa (Middle Country) of ancient India, as recorded in the P膩li Buddhist texts (detailing the geography of ancient India as it was known in to Early Buddhism).鈥擜ccording to the Divy膩vad膩na the capital of Uttar膩 Pa帽c膩la was Hastin膩pura, but the Kumbhak膩ra J膩taka states that the capital of Uttar膩 Pa帽c膩la was Kampillanagara and that a king named Dummukha ruled there. But according to the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, Northern Pa帽c膩la had its capital at Ahicchatra or Chatravat墨 (identical with modern Ramnagar in the Bareillay district) while southern Pa帽c膩la had its capital at K膩mpilya, identical with modern Kampil in the Farokhabad district, U.P. This apparent discrepancy in the two evidences is reconciled when we take into account that 鈥榓 great struggle raged in ancient times between the Kurus and the Pa帽c膩las for the possession of Uttar膩 Pa帽c膩la.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryAhicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�).鈥�
1) Name of a country, conquered by Arjuna and given to Dro峁嘺.
2) a kind of vegetable poison. (-迟谤补岣�) 1 sugar.
2) the plant 啶啶粪ざ啷冟啷嵿啷� (尘别峁艣峁涐箙驳墨).
3) (Mar. 产补岣嵞沞辫补)
4) Name of the city 啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶� (ahicchatra).
Derivable forms: ahiccha迟谤补岣� (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶班).
Ahicchatra is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms ahi and cchatra (啶氞啶涏い啷嵿ぐ).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryAhicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�).鈥攎.
(-迟谤补岣�) 1. The name of a country. 2. A milky or thorny plant: see 尘别峁艣峁涐箙驳墨. f.
(-迟谤腻) 1. Sugar. 2. A city. E. ahi a snake, and chatra a parasol.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English DictionaryAhicchatra (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶�):鈥�(迟谤补岣�) m. A country; a thorny plant. (迟谤腻) 1. f. Sugar.
: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻 (啶呧す啶苦啷嵿啶む啶班ぞ) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: 础丑颈肠丑补迟迟腻.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏啶膏啶曕啶むぎ啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Cchatra, Ahi.
Starts with: Ahicchatraka.
Full-text (+41): Ahikshetra, Pratyagratha, Ahikshatra, Adikota, Chatravati, Kampillanagara, Ahichatta, Adhichatra, Adhichhatra, Pratyanratha, Kampilyanagara, Kamalamati, Bambhakumda, Udayatunga, Ramanagara, Sakka, Vissamtia, Vekumta, Sumada, Kalinjara.
Relevant text
Search found 26 books and stories containing Ahicchatra, Ahi-cchatra, Ahi-chchhatra, 础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻, 膧丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤补, Ahichchhatra, Ahichchha迟谤腻, 膧hichchhatra; (plurals include: Ahicchatras, cchatras, chchhatras, 础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻s, 膧丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤补s, Ahichchhatras, Ahichchha迟谤腻s, 膧hichchhatras). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra (by Gelongma Karma Migme Ch枚dr枚n)
Appendix 2 - Ahicchatra (capital of northern Pa帽cala, present Ramnagar) < [Chapter V - R膩jag峁沨a]
Part 4 - The buddha鈥檚 frequent sojourns in R膩jag峁沨a and 艢r膩vast墨 < [Chapter V - R膩jag峁沨a]
Buddhist records of the Western world (Xuanzang) (by Samuel Beal)
Chapter 13 - Country of 鈥橭-丑颈-肠丑颈-迟补-濒辞 (Ahikshetra) < [Book IV - Fifteen Countries]
Padma Purana (by N.A. Deshpande)
Chapter 13 - 艢atrughna Enters 础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻 City < [Section 5 - P膩t膩la-Kha峁囜笉a (Section on the Nether World)]
Chapter 12 - 础丑颈肠肠丑补迟谤腻 City, King Sumada and K膩ma < [Section 5 - P膩t膩la-Kha峁囜笉a (Section on the Nether World)]
Chapter 65 - Sumati Describes the Adventurous Events to R膩ma < [Section 5 - P膩t膩la-Kha峁囜笉a (Section on the Nether World)]
The Structural Temples of Gujarat (by Kantilal F. Sompura)
1.1. The Temples of Orissa (A. D. 800-1250) < [Chapter 5 - The development of the regional phases of the Temple]
Scythian Elements in early Indian Art (by Swati Ray)
Scythian elements of Art in the Western part of India < [Chapter 6 - Scythian (Saka) elements in the Later Art of India]
Other areas of influnce of the Saka-Pahlava art < [Chapter 6 - Scythian (Saka) elements in the Later Art of India]
Minerals and Metals in Sanskrit literature (by Sulekha Biswas)
2. The Mahabharata in the Light of the Archaeological Evidences < [Chapter 6 - Minerals and Metals in the Indian Epics]
1. The Background of the Mahabharata Epic Story < [Chapter 6 - Minerals and Metals in the Indian Epics]
5. Gem Minerals mentioned in the Arthashastra < [Chapter 5 - Minerals and Metals in Kautiliya Arthashastra]