A Study of Microbial Contamination in Sanjivani Vati, A Cow Urine Prepared Drug
Journal name: Ayushdhara
Original article title: A Study of Microbial Contamination in Sanjivani Vati, A Cow Urine Prepared Drug
AYUSHDHARA is an international peer-reviewed journal. It focuses on research in Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, Allopathy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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Vimal Tewari
Clinical Research Section, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Patna, India.
Deepika Tewari
Clinical Research Section, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Patna, India.
Ayushdhara:
(A peer-reviewed, bi-monthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: A Study of Microbial Contamination in Sanjivani Vati, A Cow Urine Prepared Drug
Year: 2022 | Doi: 10.47070/ayushdhara.v9i1.884
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine, utilizes various natural substances, including herbal ingredients and animal products such as cow urine (Gomutra) for therapeutic purposes. Sanjivani Vati is a well-known Ayurvedic formulation composed of multiple herbs and cow urine, recognized for its applications in treating an array of ailments. Despite the popularity of such formulations, ensuring their safety and efficacy is crucial, particularly concerning microbial contamination, which can deteriorate pharmaceutical products. This study primarily aimed to investigate the microbial load present in both a self-prepared and a commercially available sample of Sanjivani Vati.
Microbial Contamination in Pharmaceutical Products
Microbial contamination is defined as the deterioration of pharmaceutical products due to the presence of microorganisms. Various factors contribute to this contamination, including the preparation process's open environment, the equipment used, and the ingredients involved. Although fresh cow urine is typically sterile, it is susceptible to contamination during production, potentially leading to microbial growth in formulations like Sanjivani Vati. This study evaluated specific microbial strains, including E. Coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and fungal counts, to assess the safety of the formulation.
Safety of Sanjivani Vati
The study employed both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to assess the microbial load in Sanjivani Vati samples from different sources. Results revealed that both the self-prepared and market samples exhibited insignificant levels of the listed pathogens, indicating that microbial contamination was minimal. Notably, some strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus, were present in insignificant amounts, while no traces of E. Coli or Salmonella were detected in either sample. This finding suggests that the overall preparation methods and ingredient handling may not significantly contribute to microbial proliferation.
Conclusion
The findings of this study illustrate that Sanjivani Vati, whether prepared in an educational institute or purchased from a pharmacy, contained minimal microbial load, posing a low risk of contamination. Cow urine, a critical ingredient, does not contribute to microbial growth within the formulation, pointing to the importance of meticulous preparation processes in maintaining the quality and safety of Ayurvedic drugs. Ensuring adherence to proper manufacturing protocols can help safeguard against microbial contamination, thereby preserving the therapeutic efficacy of such traditional remedies.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main purpose of the study on Sanjivani Vati?
The study aimed to determine the microbial load in Sanjivani Vati, a popular Ayurvedic drug containing cow urine. Researchers evaluated both self-prepared and market samples to ensure safety and quality.
What microorganisms were assessed in the Sanjivani Vati study?
The study evaluated the presence of E. coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, fungi, and total viable aerobic bacterial count in both samples of Sanjivani Vati to assess microbial contamination.
What were the findings regarding microbial contamination in Sanjivani Vati?
Both self-made and market samples of Sanjivani Vati showed nil or insignificant microbial loads, indicating that cow urine does not contribute to microbial growth, likely due to processing conditions.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A Study of Microbial Contamination in Sanjivani Vati, A Cow Urine Prepared Drug�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Vati:
In the context of Ayurveda, 'Vati' refers to a type of pill or tablet. Sanjivani Vati is an Ayurvedic formulation prepared from various herbal ingredients and cow urine. Such formulations are typically made by triturating the herbal powders with liquids to create pills.
2) Samjivani (Sanjivani):
'Sanjivani' refers to a significant rejuvenating Ayush medicine in Ayurveda often associated with powers to alleviate grave health conditions. Sanjivani Vati, in particular, is known for its combination of herbal ingredients and cow urine which aids in treating various diseases and enhancing the body's immune system.
3) Drug:
The term 'drug' in Ayurveda refers to any natural or processed substance used to treat diseases. In the study, Sanjivani Vati is identified as a drug comprising various herbal ingredients and gomutra (cow urine), including Vidanga, Sunthi, Pippali, among others.
4) Cow urine (Cow's urine):
Cow urine, or Gomutra, is a crucial ingredient in many Ayurvedic formulations like Sanjivani Vati. It is known for various therapeutic properties such as anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and immuno-modulatory effects, and is used either alone or in combination with other herbal drugs.
5) Medicine:
In Ayurveda, 'medicine' encompasses various formulations derived from plants, animal products, and minerals. Sanjivani Vati, containing ingredients like cow urine, is used for treating several diseases, boosting immunity, and balancing bodily doshas such as Vata and Kapha.
6) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine from India, emphasizing the use of natural substances. Sanjivani Vati is an Ayurvedic formulation prepared from herbal ingredients and cow urine, used for its rejuvenating properties and efficacy against diseases.
7) Aureus:
'Aureus' refers to Staphylococcus aureus, a strain of bacteria. In the study of microbial contamination in Sanjivani Vati, samples were tested for this bacterium, which was found in insignificant amounts, indicating minimal contamination.
8) Amalaki:
Amalaki, or Phyllanthus emblica, is one of the ingredients in Sanjivani Vati. Known for its rejuvenating and anti-oxidant properties, it plays a role in the therapeutic effects of the formulation, contributing to its efficacy in treating diseases and boosting immunity.
9) Gomutra (Go-mutra):
Gomutra, or cow urine, is used in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines like Sanjivani Vati. It has various beneficial properties such as anti-bacterial activity and immuno-modulatory effects, making it a key component in traditional formulations.
10) India:
India is the birthplace of Ayurveda, where traditional medicines like Sanjivani Vati are formulated. The study of microbial contamination in Sanjivani Vati was conducted by the Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, CCRAS, in Patna, demonstrating India's role in preserving and advancing Ayurvedic practices.
11) Samhita:
The term 'Samhita' refers to classical Ayurvedic texts. Sarangdhar Samhita, for instance, mentions the formulation of Sanjivani Vati, detailing its ingredients and preparation methods, highlighting the historical roots and significance of Ayurvedic formulations.
12) Disease:
The term 'disease' in Ayurveda refers to any imbalance in the body's doshas. Sanjivani Vati is a traditional remedy used to treat various diseases such as high fever, diarrhea, and respiratory conditions by utilizing a mix of herbal ingredients and cow urine to restore balance.
13) Krimi (Krmi):
'Krimi' in Ayurveda refers to worms or microbes that can cause contamination. The study mentioned that food products can be vehicles of 'Krimi,' emphasizing the importance of avoiding contaminated ingredients in preparing formulations like Sanjivani Vati.
14) Yoga:
Yoga, in the context of this document, refers to 'Yoga-sangraha,' a text that contains formulations like Sanjivani Vati. These texts guide the preparation and application of Ayurvedic medicines, ensuring their effectiveness in treating various ailments.
15) Bhallataka:
Bhallataka, or Semecarpus anacardium, is one of the ingredients in Sanjivani Vati. Known for its medicinal properties, it contributes to the formulation's effectiveness in treating various diseases and boosting overall health.
16) Vatsanabha (Vatsa-nabha):
Vatsanabha, or Aconitum ferox, is a potent herb included in Sanjivani Vati. Despite its toxicity, when processed correctly, it offers significant therapeutic benefits, such as treating fever and enhancing immunity.
17) Haritaki:
Haritaki, or Terminalia chebula, is one of the herbal ingredients in Sanjivani Vati. Known for its rejuvenating properties, it helps in treating digestive disorders and improving overall health.
18) Pippali (Pippalin):
Pippali, or Piper longum, is an herbal ingredient in Sanjivani Vati. It is known for enhancing digestion and respiratory functions, contributing to the formulation's therapeutic benefits.
19) Sthana:
'Sthana' refers to sections within Ayurvedic texts. Kalpa Sthana, for example, contains guidelines on drug selection and preparation to ensure the quality and efficacy of formulations like Sanjivani Vati.
20) Animal:
Animal products like gomutra (cow urine) are frequently used in Ayurveda. Sanjivani Vati incorporates cow urine, leveraging its antimicrobial and therapeutic properties to enhance the formulation's effectiveness.
21) Powder:
In Ayurvedic medicine preparation, 'Powder' refers to the form in which herbal ingredients are often used. In Sanjivani Vati, ingredients like Vidanga and Haritaki are powdered and then mixed with cow urine to create the final pill form.
22) Vaca:
Vaca, or Acorus calamus, is a medicinal herb included in Sanjivani Vati. Known for its ability to treat digestive issues and respiratory problems, it enhances the overall efficacy of the formulation.
23) Food:
In Ayurveda, 'food' can act as a vehicle for microbes or 'Krimi.' Contaminated food or drug ingredients can lead to spoilage and decreased efficacy, emphasizing the need for purity in formulations like Sanjivani Vati.
24) Worm:
In Ayurveda, 'Worm' refers to parasitic organisms. The text discusses the potential for worms or microbes (Krimi) to contaminate drugs or food, stressing the importance of using uncontaminated ingredients in Sanjivani Vati.
25) Kalpasthana (Kalpa-sthana):
'Kalpa-sthana' is a section in classical Ayurvedic texts like Charaka Samhita that provides guidelines on drug preparation. The inclusion of uncontaminated ingredients is essential for formulations like Sanjivani Vati.
26) Vibhitaki:
Vibhitaki, or Terminalia bellirica, is one of the ingredients in Sanjivani Vati. It is known to support digestive health and is considered an essential component of the formulation.
27) Samnipata (Sannipata):
'Sannipata' is one of the conditions treated by Sanjivani Vati. It refers to a state of imbalance in all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), and the formulation helps restore this balance.
28) Nighantu (Nighamtu):
'Nighantu' refers to traditional Ayurvedic lexicons and texts like Nighantu Ratanakar, which list formulations such as Sanjivani Vati, detailing their ingredients and proportions.
29) Samgraha (Sangraha):
'Sangraha' means compilation. Texts like Ayurveda Sara Sangraha collect various Ayurvedic formulations, including Sanjivani Vati, providing detailed recipes and therapeutic uses.
30) Vidanga (Vidamga):
Vidanga, or Embelia ribes, is an ingredient in Sanjivani Vati, valued for its antimicrobial properties. It acts against various pathogens, contributing to the formulation's overall effectiveness.
31) Kalpana:
'Kalpana' refers to pharmaceutical preparations in Ayurveda. Vati-kalpana involves the preparation of tablets like Sanjivani Vati, combining various herbs and cow urine.
32) Vaidya:
'Vaidya' in Ayurveda means a physician. Physicians ensure that formulations like Sanjivani Vati are prepared using uncontaminated, effective ingredients to treat diseases efficiently.
33) Ajirna:
Ajirna, or indigestion, is one of the conditions that Sanjivani Vati helps treat. The formulation works by enhancing digestive fire and balancing doshas to alleviate symptoms.
34) Nagara (Naga-ra):
Nagara, or Zingiber officinale (ginger), is an ingredient of Sanjivani Vati. It aids digestion and has anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to the formulation's therapeutic benefits.
35) Kapha:
'Kapha' is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda. Sanjivani Vati helps in balancing Kapha, making it beneficial for disorders where Kapha dosha is predominant.
36) Kalpa:
'Kalpa' refers to preparatory guidelines for Ayurvedic drugs. Sanjivani Vati is prepared following specific Kalpa guidelines to ensure its purity and effectiveness.
37) Gulma:
Gulma refers to abdominal tumors or lumps, a condition treatable by Sanjivani Vati. The formulation helps in resolving such disorders through its combined herbal properties.
38) Ayus (Ayush):
AYUSH is an abbreviation for Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy. The study of Sanjivani Vati was conducted by the Ministry of AYUSH, which governs traditional Indian medicine systems in India.
39) Vata:
'Vata' is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda. Sanjivani Vati helps in balancing Vata, thus treating conditions where this dosha is predominant.
40) Sara (Shara):
'Sara' in Ayurvedic texts often denotes 'essence' or 'summarized compendium.' Texts like Ayurveda Sara Sangraha list formulations like Sanjivani Vati, detailing ingredients and medicinal properties.
41) Phyllanthus emblica:
'Phyllanthus emblica' is the scientific name for Amalaki, an ingredient in Sanjivani Vati, known for its rejuvenating and immune-boosting properties.
42) Zingiber officinale:
'Zingiber officinale' is the scientific name for Nagara or ginger, an ingredient in Sanjivani Vati, aiding in anti-inflammatory and digestive properties.
43) Terminalia chebula:
'Terminalia chebula' is the scientific name for Haritaki, an ingredient in Sanjivani Vati, valued for its health benefits, including digestive support and rejuvenation.
44) Piper longum:
'Piper longum' or Pippali is an ingredient in Sanjivani Vati known for enhancing digestive and respiratory functions.
45) Plumbago zeylanica:
Plumbago zeylanica, also known as Chitraka, is sometimes included in alternative formulations of Sanjivani Vati. It is used for its digestive and anti-inflammatory properties.
46) Acorus calamus:
Acorus calamus, known as Vaca, is an important ingredient of Sanjivani Vati, providing benefits like improved digestion and respiratory function.
47) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Anti-bacterial properties are crucial for preventing contamination in formulations like Sanjivani Vati. Cow urine in the formulation is noted for its anti-bacterial effects, enhancing the drug's safety and efficacy.
48) Yogasamgraha (Yogasangraha, Yoga-samgraha, Yoga-sangraha):
Yoga-sangraha is a text that compiles various Ayurvedic formulations, including Sanjivani Vati, providing recipes and therapeutic guidelines.
49) Embelia ribes:
Embelia ribes, known as Vidanga, is a key herb in Sanjivani Vati, utilized for its deworming and antimicrobial properties.
50) Sutrasthana (Sutra-sthana):
Sutra-sthana refers to sections in classical Ayurvedic texts like the Charaka Samhita that provide foundational guidelines, including drug preparation protocols crucial for creating formulations like Sanjivani Vati.
51) Rakshoghna (Raksoghna, Rakshas-ghna):
'Rakshoghna' is a group of Ayurvedic drugs with anti-microbial properties. These drugs are used in practices like Dhoopan (fumigation) to ensure the purity of environments where formulations like Sanjivani Vati are prepared.
52) Discussion:
'Discussion' in the context of this document refers to the section that analyzes the results of the microbial study on Sanjivani Vati, examining contamination levels and implications for drug safety and efficacy.
53) Krimighna (Krmighna, Krimi-ghna):
'Krimighna' means anti-microbial or anti-worm. The term is used to describe substances in Ayurveda that kill microbes or worms, which is relevant for ensuring the purity of formulations like Sanjivani Vati.
54) Rajasthan:
Rajasthan is a state in India where the study on Sanjivani Vati was conducted, including the collection of fresh cow urine from a Gau-Shala in Jaipur, highlighting the regional practices in Ayurvedic medicine.
55) Substance:
In Ayurveda, every 'substance' or material has potential medicinal properties. The study of Sanjivani Vati demonstrates how various substances, including gomutra, are combined to create effective treatments.
56) Rasayana (Rasa-ayana):
'Rasayana' refers to rejuvenative therapies in Ayurveda. Sanjivani Vati acts as a Rasayana, rejuvenating body tissues and enhancing overall health.
57) Anupana:
'Anupana' refers to a medium or vehicle used to administer Ayurvedic drugs. Sarangdhar Samhita mentions Adrakaswarasa as anupana in disorders treated by Sanjivani Vati.
58) Rahasya:
'Rahasya' means 'secret'. Vaidya Rahasya is a text that includes formulations like Sanjivani Vati, detailing their preparation and therapeutic uses.
59) Mineral:
Ayurveda uses minerals along with herbal and animal products in its formulations. Though Sanjivani Vati primarily consists of herbal ingredients and gomutra, other Ayurvedic drugs may incorporate minerals.
60) Tantra (Tamtra, Tantrism):
'Tantra' refers to techniques or methodologies in Ayurveda. Rasatantra involves the preparation and usage of Ayurvedic formulations, ensuring they are effective and uncontaminated, as in the case of Sanjivani Vati.
61) Shunthi (Sunthi, Sumthi, Shumthi):
Sunthi, or Zingiber officinale (dried ginger), is an ingredient in Sanjivani Vati, known for its digestive and anti-inflammatory properties.
62) Jaipur:
Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan, India, where the cow urine used in the preparation of Sanjivani Vati for the study was collected from a Gau-Shala.
63) Indian:
The study was conducted under the guidance of the Indian Pharmacopoeia, ensuring that the preparation of Sanjivani Vati met national standards for microbial quality.
64) Sutra:
Sutra refers to aphorisms or prose in ancient Ayurvedic texts. Sutra-sthana in texts like Charaka Samhita includes guidelines for preparing formulations such as Sanjivani Vati.
65) Shala (Sala):
'Shala' generally refers to a hall or establishment. In traditional Ayurveda, Shala could refer to the workspace (Rasayanshala) for preparing formulations like Sanjivani Vati.
66) Patna:
Patna is the location of the Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, where the study on microbial contamination in Sanjivani Vati was conducted under the Ministry of AYUSH.
67) Fever:
Sanjivani Vati is used to treat high-grade fevers such as typhoid and malaria, showcasing its efficacy in managing serious conditions through its blend of herbs and cow urine.
68) Earth:
Ayurveda posits that all substances on Earth have potential medicinal value. Sanjivani Vati is a prime example, combining various herbal ingredients and cow urine to create an effective treatment.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: �A Study of Microbial Contamination in Sanjivani Vati, A Cow Urine Prepared Drug�. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
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