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Dhanapala's skill in delineation of the pathetic sentiment is witnessed in the effective development of the tragic atmoshere in various contexts in the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala, such as, the sack of the celestial city of Rativisala, sorrow of Samaraketu and his companions consequent to the disappearance of the mad elephant with Prince Harivahana, Bandhusundari's lament as Malayasundari tried to commit suicide by hanging herself, and such other situations. A graphic picture of the sack of the celestial city portending the fall of god Sumali from the of Rativisala 416 413. Tilakamanjari,pp.397-402. 415. ibid., pp.411-412. / 414. ibid., pp.183(2-16). / 416. ibid., pp.40-41.

796 heaven, serves to highlight the transitory nature of worldly pleasures. The following references' make the outlines of the picture stand out as in a relief: --- cinta visamsthulagrhasthagi vanaparihrtanijanijavyapara galitagavvi- gandharvasithilitagitagosthi svaravicara panakailinirapedayasunyikrti - pratimandiramakarnya - pavanataru sandalatamandapa, nastaharsakimpuru vanirmatsyamanaparirambhanayata- vallabhatarunigana tatdana mlanakalpapadapa manasrvanadustahakastasabda (nagari ) | 418 The sorrowful condition of Samaraketu as his forces fail to trace the whereabouts of Prince Harivahana after the 419. latter was kidnapped by the mad elephant, is heightened in gradual stages leading to Samaraketu's resolve to make an end of his life by entering fire. The poet begins with 420 a description of anxious Samaraketu, thus: nya atimatramalpi bhutabhupatmajapunadarsanasasca preryamano'pi varamvara mavani- patibhiragrahena naharamagrahita, | grhitagadhacintamanasca drdhasamadhistha iva laksyamanah pratiksana ptataptayatasvasapisunitasama virdevata smarana- vandhyam sandhyamatyavayata, | tarutalaprasarite ca turagaprsthastaranacani nisanno visannenantaratmana cintayankumaramuddisya tani tanistani kathamcidapi tamanaikakalpayatakakayamam triyamamanayata | astaparyastamandale cakamalaba badhdanirvedah kathamcidagatya vasatisthanamadhikamasvastha- cetascintamayimiva prabalada vahavedana vegaduhsaha sahasannavanadirghika cakravala- mithunernisithini manayata | 417. Tilakamanjari,p.41(1-8). 419. ibid., pp.186-187. : / 418. ibid.,pp.188-191. 420. ibid., pp.188(2-17). /

797 As the dejected pursuers returned with the messages of unfulfilled mission, the gloom darkened, thus: 421 ityabhidhaya baspajalalavanadhomukhah sasrjuh | yuvarajastu tadakandakulisa- pacapatapratyamakarnya tesam vacanamakramapacitena puritah paramasokaina - 'bhadrah kimadhapi kathayisyatha | srutam srotavyam | upasamharata vacama atah paramasaktah srotumasmi ' ityudiyivacchadya ca tvaritamuvariyavasasa socamagamamga - 'ha sarvagunanighe, ha budhajanaikavallabha, ha prajabandho, ha samastakalakusala, kosale - ndrakulacadri, harivahana, kada drastavyo'si ' iti vilapannaiva milite啶緉ah gananaiva nikatopavistasya khadgrahino jagama paryastavigrahastiryagutsamgama, | mamtrantare nirantaroditaruditara vasamedameduro darayanniva dayaluhrdayani rodorandhramacaskanda daruni rajavrndasyanandah | 40 The climax is reached when Samaraketu decides to commit suicide and, bidding farewell to his companions, proceeds to 422. to enter the funeral pyre, thus : ' musvata ca sarvatmana madhyapetama | jaham hi prathamadarsana eva devena bhrtyatam kumarasya nitah | na tadvira hena maya ksanamapiha sthatavyam | na ca pravarttitaina pradesaditah padamapi pratipam gantavyam | tadanujanita mam jivitaparityagaya yavadadyapi na bhrunomi kumarasya caramavacami | yavaccaina ciradarsanatkanthi- to na me margamavalokayati tavatvarita sva lokantaragatam tamanugacchami ' ityu- dirya cintitacitapravesasca ranodopasamakalamutthitena vyomavivara vyapina sibiralo kakrandakalakalena sucitakramah sailanimnagapulinamuddisyodacalata, 421. Tilakamanjari, pp.189-190. / 422. ibid., p.191(14-21).

798 The tragic effect is more touching and pronounced when Malayasundari resolves to hang herself to death after her maid-servant Katyayanika informed her that she was to be given away in marriage to Vajrayudha as a price of military piece鈥�23 The touching atmosphere gathers as Malayasundari goes to meet her parents presumably for the last time, as 424 described in the following words: abhyarcya paramaya bhaktya bhagavantam prayumnam janakam drastumavrajama, | sthitva ca tatpadamule muhurtamutthita punaralamyadarsanamasya vadanam punah punaravalokyanti prayatna- stambhitasura mba bhavanamagamama | tatra ca varamvara makarita jananya muktva taya sarddhamaikabhajane bhavitata virahaduhkhadayamanamanasa visamayamaniva krticidanbhakavalankrtopasparsana ca svasamvardhitanekabalavr啶緆akulam grhodyanamagacchama, | ------- The tragic in the situation gets dense as Malayasundari 425 bids farewell to her dear Asoka tree, lotus-pond and birds: 'tata raktasoka, lokantaragatapi smartavyasmi | kamaladirghikai, dirghakalam klesamanubhavitasi nirghrnaya nidaghamajjanesu | sakhe sikhandina, astam gata te hastatalatandavakrida | vatsa kalahamsa, nirutsavastem gamisyati manasagamana - divasah | ma krthah koka mithunaka, machiyoge sokama, | jata sukapota, ma tani vismarisyasi matsubhasitani ' iti bhasamana svanivasamagamama | A vivid picture of Malayasundari suspecting the arrival of somebody in her pursuit, as she rushed to the harem 423. Tilakamanjari,pp.298-299. 424. ibid., p.301(4-14). 425. ibid., P.301 (kre 20ff.. 301(AmdQ 92Off.) . M

799 426 garden in a bid to hang herself enhances the effect. So does the description of Malayasundari tightening her clothes and braid, preparatory to hanging herself, so that people may not be ashamed to find her in an unseemly condition, and praying to Cupid with a craving to be united with Samaraketu in the next birth. The realistic depiction of the experience of Malayasundari hanging in the noose before life ebbed out of her serves the purpose of an excellent excitant determinant. 429 The lamentation of Bandhusundari who helplessly sees the noose gradually tightening around Malayasundari's neck and her limbs gradually succumbing to the ebbing consciousness is a masterpiece. The tragic effect touches a high water-mark when Malayasundari prevents Bandhusundari, with a gesture, from try- yao ing to rescue. her; the poet here draws an intensely touching picture of weeping Bandhusundari in the following words: drstva ca tam tathavidhavasthamupasthita akhilairapi trailokyavattibhira- saukhyaih satamukhibhutaduhkhavegam vigalitosnabaspapatalaviplavitamukhi krtaprayatna- pi drdhamatigadhapasagranthipiditagalatvadaparayanti vaktumuttipya kimcitpraca- litena panina daksinetarena rudatim tam nyavarayam | sa tu tena pracalata matkaratalena talavrntenaiva prabalasamdipitasokapavaka ' bhartrdarikai, virama | kim 426. Tilakamanjari, p. 303(6-16). 428. ibid.,pp.306-307. 430. ibid., p.309(1-11). | / 427. ibid., p.306(1-15). / 429. ibid.,p.308.

800 varayasi devainaiva varita | viratahamatha prabhrti rodanata | anakula prasaghaya svabhipretamarthama | asmadvighe bahyaparijane'dyapi kah pratibandhah iti rosa divodirya dvigunamapuryamanabasparu dagala niryada gadagadadara- munmuktagurutarakranda duramuttipyottibhya patitena nirdayaghatavighatita guli kisalayagaladrudhirasi karana karayugalena yugapaduttamamgammurastatam ca tadanatrutitahara- muktamuktaphalasarasamvarddhitabindu visara manavara tamajaghne | - 431 The lamentation of Malayasundari when she heard the news about the tragic defeat of Samaraketu and his being captured alive by the inimical forces, is not so touching when compared to a similar lamentation of Tilakamanjari, who, having heard the unbearable news about Harivahana's possible suicide, addressed a devoutly pathetic prayer to Lord Jina Rsabha, bade farewell to her friends for good and proceeded to drown herself into the waters of the Adrstapara lake. The tragic touch is thus given by the poet: : ananuvajrapasanaparu hrdayasya durvvida gdhabudhde naikaduhsahaduhkhasambhara bhajanasya bhagavana,, bhava janasyasya janmantare saranama ' ityabhidhaya baspayamananayana- yugala pratyekamaprcchya parivaralokamacchinnadinicchunacatusa parihrtasuhrdambandhu- sisujanena sokavidranamalinamukharuca malayasundari pramukhena sahita priyasakhi sarthena pratipannamaranaprasaghanena ca pranayina panyanariganananyena ca pragunamanasa guna- nuraktena bahyaparijanenanugamyamana gurutaranandinisyandamanupadamagratobhuya krtavarana nubandhamavadhuya sarvvato grhitavakyam rajalokamayatanamandapannirakramata 7| 431. Tilakamanjari,pp.332-333. 432. ibid., pp.415-416.

801 The tragic touches are, moreover, found in a few other situations, such as, Vicitravirya's dialogue with Malayasundari and the sorrow of King Kusumasekhara as he came to know about the attempt at suicide by his only daughter Malayasundari. An admixture of the Bathetic sentiment with the Heroic, the Tranquil and the Miraculous one has been successfully depicted in the incidents beginning with Gandhazzaduotha dharvaka's report about the effect of the necklace on Tilakamanjari, and Harivahana's arrival at the temple where she was undergoing treatment for love-sickness.