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Adherence to the science of statecraft (danda-niti) was held to be precursory of growth in national wealth and 115. cf, Tilakamanjari, p.115 (18ff.) kumarasyaivayam pramado yadvise 'pyaparadhe nainamanyayakarina karacarana kalpanena svadesanidhyasinena va rasabhasama ropanena vanyena va dharmasastra pranitanitina nigrahena vinayam grahnati | 116. ibid.,p.119(10ff.) ba kaiscita khaladhanatah sadhanikalokana nikhila mapi niyamana bujhe bujhaya madhyavadhirayadbhih kaicid 鈥�grdhyamana yavasaraksana- vyagraimrath lobhada 鈥�bhilasita lancanam lagcya lakurikanam kalesamanubhavadbhih kaisvidalabdhavikasa thakurahatha nirakr 鈥�tairasrayaya 'grameyakaih | 117. ibid., p.119(18ff.). pratigrha grhisa 鈥�bhande rahindaga ih (gramaca kaih ) 1

673 the king and the commanders invariably consulted the ministers thoroughly steeped in the wisdom acquired by the profound study of the political science (arthasastra). 118 119 Though the supreme ambition, as expressed in the contemporary mode of blessings to the kings by their elders, was that of conquering the whole world, in actuality we know from historical sources that the kings of those days generally aspired to bring the whole of India under their suzerainty. Thus, King Meghavahana who is said to have ruled is from Ayodhya, and who/specifically introduced as the supreme lord of the (upper) half of Bharatavarsa, had mounted an expedition, i under the command of Vajrayudha, in order to assert his suzerainty over the southern half of Bharatavarsa. The ideal of good government included the following aspects: (i) the royal treasure should be full of wealth of all types%3B (ii) all the feudatories must be completely subdued; (iii) the ministers must be highly dependable; 120 sannihita dandanitipratiharisamakrstabhih samantatah 118. Tilakamanjari, p.13(7). pativarabhirivana tyagatya baddhamalabhiravrto ; 82 (5) Pay&manifh: arthasastra paramarsa pulamatibhirama tyaih saha krtakarya vastu nirnayah ... 119. ibid.,p.422(6拢拢.) Para prthvivijayalabhasisa samyojya .. 120. cf. ibid., p.362(4ff.) --- 121. ibid.,p.81(18ff.) (= vajrayudhana 30.01 121 maharaja putraharivahana ma sesa - bharata varsaddha bhubhujo maharaja megha vahanasya -- 1 karadikrta sakala daksinatya ksonipatina teja

t 674 (iv) the friendly kings must be highly favourable; and (v) all the castles in the domain should be under the command of trusted persons. 122 For a factual first-hand report of public opinion, the king often strolled at night incognito by every house, ed joined the groups of gossiping people, frequented the inns crowded by travellers, and initiated criticism of himself, of the ministers or of other subordinates officers in order to extract the frank opinion of his subjects. The king particularly saw to it that people did not tend to neglect their religious obligations, that the national wealth did not decrease, that the regal power did not degenerate, that the respect for authority and fear of law was not undermined, that good qualities were not. subjected to blame, that knowledge did not come to be ridiculed, that the servants did not get disinterested, that the enemies did not raise their heads, and that the 124 friends were not neglected. Spies were employed to keep a watch on day-to-day happenings in the domains, and to bring about the downfall 122. T鈾�(NO,P.16 (18ff.) uparjita prabhuta kosa vasikrta samasta samantamayatta - 3417922147 DANA IT- mantrimandala mupagrhita mitravargamapta purusadhisthita durga samagramapi rajyam 1 123. ibid., p.19(15-20). 124,ibid., p.19(3-7).

675 125 of the inimical kingdoms. Many princes, deprived of their rightful inheritance and expelled from their kingdoms by their rival relatives, came to serve an emperor and eventually obtain his help 126 to get themselves reinstated and rehabilitated. Such princes paid tribute to the sovereign or his heir-apparent partly due to their love for the powerful ruler and partly out of their hope of getting assistance in their own cause, and brought precious clothings, jewelled ornaments, unguents, fruits, weapons, vehicles, and other novelties of 127 their region. In spite of the best efforts of an emperor, it was but natural that the feudatories in charge of distant proe vinces tried to asort their independence in a bid to carve out an individual kingdom for themselves, by occasionally expressing their displeasure and disaffection towards the supreme regal authority of the suzerain in vatious ways, such as, hautiness, refusal to pay their annual tributes, delaying in sending periodical reports, putting forth excuses for not complying when summoned to present themselves 125. Tilakamanjari,P.40(20ff.) kautukaditastato vicara 鈥�dbhiranucarairmadiyaih M 15(5et.)-- abhigamuka gunagrama evam parampaksamacakarsa rudhidha purusah --- 1 126. ibid., p.103 (20ff.) dusta dayadasam 鈥�vastabdha rajya raga tyagatya din 鈥�mukhebhyo nijapadadibhih parthiva kumarai ranavarata grdhamanase kyoh ... | - x 127. ibid.,p.103 (231) gunanuragibhiragantu kaphalarthibhinna dviya ntara- naradhipaivasobhiracchadanai ratna lan 鈥�karairvileyanaih phalairayudhai rya nairanyaisca nija desa sambhavairapurva vastubhih satatamupacaryamana caranayoh --- 1 azizinazofazn

676 in royal audience, showing dissatisfaction during festivals, displaying lethargy during the national calamities, and expressing lip-sympathy only but acting against the interest of the suzerain. 128 Over and above the usual references to the three 129. Saktis and six Gunas, Dhanapala has given in a pathological allegory a fine, though brief, picture of proper utilization of political expedients calculated to set right the rstive feudatories. Thus, some of them were subdued with the power of political strategy, some with political bargainings, some by military action, some by threats administered through the emissaries, some by isolating from their friends, some by uprooting them, some by partial de- 1struction, some by bringing an alround pressure from the adjoining districts, some by leaving them no other alternative but to sunrender themselves, some by crowning them in their kingdom, some by publicly honouring them, some by granting tax-relief and some by bestowing territory to them. 130 Defeated rival kings were, when captured alive, 131 fined in mountain castles. At times the daughter of the 128. Tilakamanjari,p.114(12-16). 129. ibid., p.54(llff.); 13(1). 130. ibid., p.133(9-14). 131. cf. ibid., p. 181 (18) -- bandikrtanamari nare ksana mem kamandiram mandarakakhyo durgagirih ... 1

677 enemy was demanded in marriage by the military commander as a surity of good conduct in future and as a price of peace. 132 The subjugated chiefs of forest tribes were subjected to slavery by the victors. 133