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CHAPTER VIII THE GROUND PLAN OF THE MANDAPA (i) The architectural treatment in the extant temples A hall that is either directly attached or connected through the antarala with the garbhagriha is known as mandapa. Small temple has a mandapa either open or half-covered. While the large temple has closed mandapa which is called Gudha mandapa. In some of the largest temples, like that at Modhera, there is a detached open hall variously called the Sabha mandapa or assembly hall, the Ranga mandapa or festival hall, the Nritya mandapa or dancing hall. In plan the mandapa is either square or rectangular, with or without lateral projections. Due to these lateral projections the plan of the mandapa attains a cruciform shape. The attached ground plan of the antarala and that of front porch, along with ground plan of mandapa with lateral projection will give a pleasant scene of cruciform like shape in general appearance. The pre-Caulukyan temples have either plain square or rectangular ground plans of the mandapas. They are plain i. e. without having any lateral projections. The ground plans of the mandapas of the temples at Dhrasanvela (Kalika mata), Suvan, Pasanavada (Gayatri temple with double mandapas ). Pata, Sutrapada etc. are almost square while those of the temples at Balej, Bhansar (main temple) Khimesavar, Navidhraved, Pasanavada (the Sun temple), Ranavav, Srinagar (Siva and Devi temples), Kalsar etc. are rectangular. The only exception to this is the temple at Kadvar, whose square ground plan of the mandapa has two projected squares joined at right angles in the front at two corners.

The Ground Plan of the Mandapa 367 The ground plans of the mandapas of almost all the Caulukyan temples are square either plain or facetted with lateral projections. The number of projections here either may be one (bhadra) or two (bhadra & pratiratha) and hardly three, (bhadra, pratiratha and nandi). The mandapa having rectangular shape also are adorned with these lateral projections further divisible into chases and recesses. So the ground plan of the mandapas of the Caulukyan temples will look like a cruciform in shape. (a) Some of the mandapas of the Caulukyan temples are square but plain in design that is devoid of lateral projections. The square mandapas at the temples of Tukada, Viramgam (double-shrined temples), Lovarali, Prabhas (Sasibhusana) Vasai (Kankesvara, with series of columns), Dhrasanvel (Magaderu), Visavada (Triple-shrined), Kuchhadi etc. have no projections. (b) The square-facetted ground plans of the mandapas of the temples at Delmal, Harasiddh, Than (Muni Bawa), Madhavpur (Madhava and Surya temples), Sejakapur (Siva temple) Sunak, Virta, Dhinoj, Manod, Abu (Vimala vasahi and Luna vasahi), Prabhas (the Sun temple on Hirnaya and Rudresvara ), Miyani (Nilkantha), Visavada (Nilkantha), Baradia, Taranetar, Siddhapur (Rudramala restored plan) etc. have one central or bhadra projection. While the mandapas of the temples at Kotai, Sejakapura (Navalakha and Jain temples.), Bhadresvara, Bhimanath, Modhera, Taranga, Sarotra (the Jain temple), Prabhas (the sun temple on Triveni and old temple of Somanatha), Girnar (Neminatha), Visavada (Siddhesvara), Vasai (Junagadhi) have two-bhadra and pratiratha projections. (c) The rectangular mandapas of the temples at Than (Surya temple) and Kanoda have respectively one (bhadra) and two (bhadra ground plans. and pratiratha ) projections in their

368 The Structural Temples of Gujarat The projected portions in the ground plans of the mandapa on either side are adorned with elevated Kaksasana at times, but the arrangement of windowed balconies or entrances through attached porches make the mandapa more sublime and picturesque. The mandapas of the temples at Madhavpur (Sun temple), Sejakpur (Jain temple), Prabhas (Sun temple on Triveni and old Somnatha temple) Girnar (Nemi), Sarotra etc. have such balconied windows while the temples at Ghumali (Navalakha), Girnar (Neminath), Siddhapur (Rudramala, restored plan), Modhera, Taranga have Kaksasana only. In elevation part the mandapa has a basement, the pillars (with or without Kaksasanas), the architraves and the domical or stepped pyramidal superstructure. In case of large temples the mandapa may be two, three or even five storied structure. The Navalakha temple at Ghumali and the Ajitanatha temple at Taranga, the Kalika mata and Vaidyanatha temples at Dabhoi etc. consist of two storeys. The mandapa of the Rudramala temple at Siddhpur was probably of 2 or 3 storeys as Burgess suggested. The famous Dwarkadhis temple at Dwarka consists of five storeys.* (ii) Canonical principles discerned. Meter P. has given a separate chapter on the Mandapa. In it, it has discussed the various kinds of the mandapa in accordance with the dimensions of the shrine. It classifies the mandapas into three categories Uttama, Madhyama and Kanistha.2 The * During my visit to Mansa (Vijapur Taluka Dist. Mehsana ) 1 come across a brick structure with a double storey. The structure except probably, the part of a double storied mandapa is extinct. The extant mandapa has a device of double stair-case which lead to the upperstoried portion of the inner side projecting balcony. The protograph produced here is indicative of the structure being storied with a dome over it. It is also now ruined. The site of the extant temple is known as Gandu derun. 1. Meter P. CCLXX. 2. Ibid. 1. 2.

The Ground Plan of the Mandapa 369 number of prescribed varieties is 27.3 In plan they are either square, triangular, circular, octagonal or with 16 sides. The different varieties are based upon the varying number of pillars, ranging from 12 to 64 through an addition of two pillars in each succeeding variety. The mandapa with 12 pillars is known as Subhadra, with 14 Syama, with 16 Simha and so on till the last variety having 64 pillars.4 The scheme about the mandapas prescribed by Meter P. is followed by Vishvakarma Prakasha 5 and by later canonical works like Samarangana Sutradhara 6 Aparajitapriccha " KSR (MS),8 Dipa, 9 and Pasada-mandana 10 Almost all the texts have parallel names and identical specifications. But Samarangana Sutradhara 11 and Aparajitapriccha have given several other types of mandapas in addition to the types offered by Meter P. Samarangana Sutradhara (LXVI, LXVII) has described as many as 35 mandapas in two groups of 8 and 27, the first being known as Bhadradi and the second Puspakadi. But the description of Samarangana Sutradhara is imperfect and vague. The Bhadradi group of mandapas in Samarangana Sutradhara is narrated as Vardhmanadi in Aparajitapriccha 12 This variety of 8 mandapas are based on the additions of several projections in their ground plans. Accordingly the first variety Vardhamana is square but additions of bhadradi projections over the square ground plan result into seven more varieties. These eight mandapas are narrated as Gudha mandapa in Pasada-mandana 13 3. Ibid. 3-6. 8. KSR (MS). 4. Matsy Purana CCLXX, 7--8. 9. Dipa X, 26-30. s. Vishvakarma Prakasha Vedic Index, 125-136. 10. Pasada-mandana VII, 26. 6. Samarangana Sutradhara LXVII. 11. Samarangana Sutradhara LXVI 7. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXVI 12. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXVII, 1-4. 13. Pasada-mandana VII, 16-21, " bhittih prasadavadgudhe mandape'sta vidhesu ca | "

370 The Structural Temples of Gujarat Other varieties of mandapas prescribed by Aparajitapriccha are Subhadradi¹4 (pertaining to porches) 12 in number, Praggrivadi 16 Nrtrya mandapas 15, Mervadi 25 mandapas 16 and Nandanadi 8 mandapas. 17 Aparajitapriccha has given vivid description of all these types of mandapas. Consequently Aparajitapriccha gives a rich variety of mandapas ranging from the simple four pillared porch (praggriva ) to large hypostyle halls. Examples of the latter type are met with in Gujarat from 11 th cent. onwards. Diparnava adds one more group known as Sivanadadi to this list and instructs that it is prescribed by Vrksarnava (MS) with detailed measurements and there architectural form. 18 Many of the earlier temples have no Mandapas, to some it is added afterwards i. e. after the completion of the shrine proper it is added as an extention or as a subservient part of the structure. The text Samarangana Sutradhara, 19 gives a clear idea about this. A porch like structure was added in the front of the garbhagrha, fulfilling the function of the Mukhamandapa. This Mukhmandapa subsequently got known as Kori mandapa (or antarala). This small porch like structure is marked by a buttress carried on to the Sukanasa, It may be noted here that many of the extant temples such as two small temples on the outskrit of the village Miyani have ardhamandapas (porches) in front respective shrines. of their As for the width of the mandapa the rule laid down by Samarangana Sutradhara is that it should have the width of the garbhagriha 20 or its width must be equal to the diagonal of the garbhagriha陋 1 14. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXVII, 15-26. 15. lbid CLXXXVIII, 1-11. 16. Ibid 12-39. 17. lbid 40-44. 18. Dipa X, 60-61. 19. Samarangana Sutradhara LXVI, 17. 20. Samarangana Sutradhara LXVII. 98. 21. Samarangana Sutradhara LXVI s.

The Ground Plan of the Mandapa 4 371 At time it may be double or 12 times of the width of the intermediate proportions are also given garbhagrha. Various in the same text. 22 The other measurements as are laid down by Aparajitapriccha, 23 Pasada-mandana 24 to the width of the mandapa and Dipa 25 The Pasada-mandana & Dipa prescribe five-fold ratio of the width of the mandapa to that of garbhagriha, namely 1:1, 5:4, 3:2, 7:4 and 2:1, while Aparajitapriccha 26 adds two more viz. 9:4 and 5:2. as at In the case of the Pre-Caulukyan temples such Navidhraveda and Kalsar the approximate ratio of the width of the mandapa to that of the garbhagriha is 7:4; at Bhansar it is 2:1, at Suvan, Pasanvada (Surya temple) it is 9:4 and at Balej, Pasanavada (Gayatri temple), Srinagar (Devi temple) and Sutrapada it is 5:2 as prescribed by the canons. However, in the case of certain temples the ratio of width of the mandapa exceeds that given in the prescribed formulae. The ratio of the breadth of the mandapa to that of garbhagriha in the temples. at Dhrasanvel (Kalikamata), Khimesvar and Ranavav is 3:1. In the case of the Caulukyan temples the approximate ratio of the width of the mandapa to that of the garbhagrha of the temples at Miyani (Jain), Visavada (Nilkantha ), Sejakapur (Siva temple) and Kasara (Triple shrined) is 3:2; at Lovarali, Visavada (Siddhanatha) and Sejakapur, Harasiddha (old), Manoda, Girnar (Triple shrine), Than (Surya temple), Taranetar, Sejakapur (Jain) and Kanoda, it is 2:1; at Prabhas (Surya temples on the bank of Hiranya and Triveni, and Rudresvara), Miyani (Nilakantha), Kuchhadi, Baradia, Tukada, Viramgam, and Kheda (Kaccha) it is 9:4; at Delmal, and Dhinoja it is 5:2 as prescribed by the canons. 22. Sm Su. LXVII. 1-4. 23. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXV. 24. Pasada-mandana 11, 4, 25. Dipa X, 2. 26. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXV, 1-3.

372 The Structural Temples of Gujarat The approximate ratio of the width of the mandapa to that of the garbhagriha in the case of certain temples here also exceeds the prescribed ratio. It is 3:1 at Dhrasanvel (Magaderu), Ghumali, Than (Muni bawa), Sunak and Virta and exceptionally it is 7:2 at Sarnal (Galtesvara). The nave of the mandapa is of the same size as the garbhagrha but in the case of Sandhara prasada i. e. the temple having ambulatory, it (nave) must be equal to the garbhagriha with its surrounding inner walls. 27 Further as a rule the nave of a mandapa is marked by four pillars, forming a Catuski, ( Coki) which mainly supports the roof or dome. Other pillars of the mandapa also, are intended to give a secondary support to the dome. The Mandapa of greater sizes i. e. double or more than that of a temple may contain Alinda or Sala (aisle). This Alinda may be single, double or even more in number.28 It is made of series of Catuskis (Cowkis. These Cokies may be covered interally with Vitana (dome) and externally with Samvarna, but in no case the dome and Samvarna over such Catuskis should exceed the hight of the central dome and Samvarna of the mandapa itself. It should be in the height to that of the dome and Samvarna of the mandapa proper. Further the height of the mandapa, must be equal to and in no case should exceed that of the Sukanasa of a shrine i. e. the cupola of mandapa must be in straight line to that of the top of the Sukanasa, but if it exceeds, it is an exception and not a rule. 29 In the case of the pre-Caulukyan temples the height of the mandapa corresponds to that of the shrine. These temples have no Sukanasa. In the case of the Caulukyan temples which have Sukanasas, the height of the mandapa follows that of the shrine as well as Sukanasa. 27. Samarangana Sutradhara LXVII. 43. 28. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXV, 8-10. 29. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXV. 13 (ii) also Pasada-mandana VII. 7 (ii)

The Ground Plan of the Mandapa The entrance to the mandapa. 373 In case where the mandapa is enclosed by walls it is provided with one, two or three entrance door ways. The ratio of the height of the entrance to that of the shrine door is prescribed as follows. The entrance to the mandapa may be equal in width to that of the height by, or 30 or it the door of the shrine proper i. e. girbhagrha, 3 1 shrine proper, but exceeds in should be 1, 1, 12 or twice In the case of pre-Caulukyan temples such as at Khimesvar, Navidhraved, Dhrasanvel, Balej as well as in the case of the Caulukyan temples such as at Modhera, Somanatha ( extinct), Taranga, Girnar (Neminatha) etc. the height of the entrance door way is mostly found exceeding slightly that of the shrine door, as specified above. The projection of Mandapa. The ground plan of the mandapa should be in straight line () with that of the upper surface of the pitha and the mouldings of the basement of the shrine should correspond to those of the basement of the mandapa. Further, the projections of the mandapa should either be of th, or equal to the (length wise) space occupied by the projecting portion. ³ 陋 The Mandapa may have Gvaksa (with lattice) at the bhadra projection. In the case of the Gudha mandapa the Gvaksa should be open. It is known as Candravalokana (balcony). 33 The number of the pillars in a mandapa is one of the determinant factors for its sub-varieties prescribed in the canons. 30. Samarangana Sutradhara LXVI 20. 31. Samarangana Sutradhara LXVII. 97-98. 32. Pasada-mandana VII. 19 also Aparajitapriccha CLXXXVI, 21 (i). 33. Pasada-mandana VII. 20.

374 The Structural Temples of Gujarat Almost all the mandapa of the pre-Caulukyan temples have 16 pillars, 4 being in the centre and 12 surrounding them either in the form of free standing pillars or attached pilasters to the walls. The mandapa containing this sort of arrangement of the pillars, is known as Santa in the canons, 34 The mandapa of the temple at Kadvar has also this sort of arrangement but the projections on the front parts add 8 more pillars (dwarf) to the mandapa and so the number of pillars, here are 24. As the arrangement is strange one no canonical reference about its sub-variety is available. In the Caulukyan temples the arrangement of the pillars in mandapas seems varied, but broadly speaking they may be grouped as follows:- (a) mandapa having 12 pillars (4 in the four corners and 8 forming an octagon supprting the roof of the mandapa). This mandapa is known as 'Subhadra' in the canons. 35 The mandapas of the temples at Lovarali, Prabhas (Sasibhusana, Sun temple on Hirnya), Miyani (Jain), Visavada (Triple shrine), Kuchadi, Baradia, Viramgam, Khandosan (right angular shrine), Girnar ( Ranga mandapa of Neminatha ), Abu (Rarga mandapas of Vimala and Tejapala's temple), Kasara (Triple shrine) etc. belong to this category of "Subhadra,' (b) Mandapa having 16 pillars known as Simha. In Plan it is similar to that of Subhadra except in two side projections which take two additional pillars on each side.36 The mandapas of the temples at Prabhas (Surya temple on Trivani, Rudresvara), Harasiddha (old), Miyani (Nilakantha) Dhrasanvel (Magaderu ), Taranetar, Girnar (Triple shrine), Than (Muni Bawa), Delmal, Madhavepur (Madhav temple), Sejakapur (Siva), Sunak, Virta. Dhinoj. Kanoda, Tukada, Kotai (Kaccha) etc. belong to the category of Simha. 34. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXVII, 19. 35. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXVII, 17. 36. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXVII. 25.

The Ground Plan of the Mandapa 375 (c) The mandapa having 20 pillars, 8 forming the central octagon and the rest surrounding them, is known as 'Padmasimha in canons. 37 The mandapa of the Navalakha temple at Sejakpur is the example of this type. (d) The mandapa of the Siddhesvara temple at Visavada illustrates one more variety. It has 24 pillars, 12 being in the usual position as found in Subhadra type (narrated in (a) but instead of out side projection (as we see in subvariety (b), it has two projections on its both sides; constituting an addition of 6 pillars on each side. The variety illustrated by this temple is known as Suryatmaka in canons. 38. (e) The mandapa having 32 pillars 8 forming the central octagon and the rest surrounding them is known as Bhujaya 'in the canons, 39 The mandapa of the Neminatha temple at Girnar illustrates this variety. (f) The mandapa of the Taranga temple has 28 pillars. In canons this variety is known as Vimanabhadra.. 40 The Sabhamandapa of the Modhera temple consists of 28 pillars, but its architectural form does not tally with the Vimanabhadra variety. If the frontal 8 pillars, 2 being on each direction, are substracted from the 28 pillars of the Sabhamandapa the remaining 20 will form the Padamsinha variety described above. (g) The mandapa of the old Somanatha temple (extinct) of Prabhas, had 48 pillars. It was of Srivatsa variety prescribed by canons.41 From the view point of the variety of the mandapas that the extant temples-pre-Caulukyan as well as Caulukyan-have, it will be realised that the varieties like Subhadra, Simha, 37. Ibid.. CLXXXVIII, 14. 38. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXVII, 16, 25. 39. Aparajitapriccha, CLXXXVI, 3, 10. 40. Ibid, 3. 9. 41. Aparajitapriccha CLXXVI, 2, 14.

376 The Structural Temples of Gujarat Padmasimha, Bhujaya, Vimanabhdra and Srivatsa belong to the group of 27 mandapas prescribed by the early works like Meter P.; V. K. P. etc., which with slight changes in the nomenclatures and details survived to the later works like Samarangana Sutradhara 42 and Aparajitapriccha 43 Further, the Santa variety discerned in the pre-Caulukyan temples and the Suryatmaka variety figuring in some Caulukyan temples are not found treated in the early works as well as the canonical works except Aparajitapriccha, which describes the Santa veriety under the Mervadi group and the Suryatmaka variety under the Trikamandapa group. This sort of arrangement is illustrated by the pre-Caulukyan temples as well as by the Caulukyan temples when the shrines are enclosed by pradaksinapatha. The nave of the mandapa forms a catuski (coki) such as at Kadvar, Pata, Khimesvar, Srinagar, Modhera, Girnar, Abu etc. 42. Samarangana Sutradhara LXVII. 43. Aparajitapriccha CLXXXVI