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In the Prabandha Cintamani Merutunga states that Bhima I built a new Tripurusa Prasada* in the memory of his deceased Prince Mularaja. The context indicates that the temple was built at Pattana Merutunga also records that Bhima I erected the temple of Bhimesvaradeva and Bhattarika Bhiruani at Pattana. None of these temples now exists at Patan. 63 From the date V. S. 1083 64 (1026-27 A. D.) found inscribed in the back wall of the shrine and from its close resemblance with the Vimala Vasahika built in 1032 A. D., the temple is assigned to the reign of Bhima I (A. D. 1024-1066).65 * The prevelance of the large number of composite figures of the Sun found in Gujarat, leads us to suggest that the deity in the Tripurusa temples erected by Mularaja I and Bhima I were composite images of Surya who is invoked in the Markandeya-Purana (CIC, V. 71 ) in the following verse. Brhami Mahesvari caiva Vaisnavi caiva te tanuh 1 tridha yasya Svarupamtu Bhanor-bhasvauprasidatu Il A Characteristic figure of this nature is the three-faced and eightarmed seated composition which is found of a shrine dedicated to Surya inside the compound of the Limboji Mata's temple at Delmal (N. G.) -Burgass Architectural Antiquities of Northern Gujarat p. 88-89; Vide here. also Note 5 on p. 98 63. Prabandha Cintamani Tawny, 78, Prabandha Cintamani Jinvijaya, 55. 64. In 'Studies in the historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat' Dr. H. D. Sankalia ascribes the construction of the temple to Karna | (p. 40), though in 'Archaeology of Gujarat ' he has assigned it to the reign of Bhima 1 (p. 84). This seems to be an error committed through slip of memory as the author has not adduced any reasons for altering the statement. 65. Architectural Antiquities of Northern Gujarat p. 80-81. Plts. I, VII, XLVII. Here Figs, 76-81 & 223.

Structural Temples of the Caulukyan Period 121 The present dilapidated temple of the Sun was one of the most beautiful and splendid temples in Gujarat. Even in its ruin and decay it is still an imposing structure, with a majestic beauty rarely met with in such ruins. From the ruins it can be determined that the temple consists of a shrine proper i. e. Garbhagriha surrounded by circumambulation with small entrances in it on the two sides, a Gudhamandapa, a detached Sabhamandapa and a porch facing the flights of Surya Kunda just in front of the temple. From the extant remains of a Torana on its north-east, it appears that it had Toranas on the both sides of the frontage serving as entrances to the temple. The position of the temple facing due east is such that the rising Sun at the equinoxes would shine straight through Sabhamandapa doors into the shrine. On plan the frontal structure i. e. open hypostyle hall (or Sabha (Ranga) mandapa), is based on a square of nearly 15-2 ms. wide, placed diagonally with the axial line, its sides being interrupted at regular intervals by recessed chases. There are pillared entrances with cusped archways at each of the four corners and a smaller pillar set within each recessed angle, the whole system forming an adequate support to the wide projecting eave or Chajja, and the triple cornice above. A dwarf wall, richly empanelled with figure subjects, and surmounted by the leaning seat-back encloses the lower part of this arcade, while the upper portion being open presents vistas of its fine interior columination. The interior of the hall is composed of two aisles of pillars arranged along with diagonals of its square plan, thus producing a cruciform effect. By ommiting the central pillars at the junction of these cross aisles, the octagonal space of the nave opens out in the middle of the hall, and above this rises the domed ceiling, elavated higher than the aisles by means of an attic story. As to the dimensions the pillars are 4 ms. high, the rim of the dome is nearly 5.3 ms. with its centre 7.1 ms. from the floor level.

122 The Structural Temples of Gujarat The principal building (the enclosed hall including shrine) is an oblong formation with an extreme length of 24.4 ms. and a width of 15-2 ms. having its long sides, not diagonal as in the case of the hypostyle hall, but parallel to the axis of the scheme as a hall. In its design recessed angles are also a distinctive feature of the exterior; while the sole entrance is through a pillared portico on the east, where it connects with the western or rear doorway of the Sabhamandapa. 65/1 At intervals in the sides are window openings, five in number, each a well proportioned aperature, and with its side pillars, relieving the wall surface in an interesting manner. The elevation is composed of the three main divisions already referred to with the basement or pitha consisting of the conventional range of carved mouldings, above which is the spacious mandovara or panelled wall-face, richly embellished with figure sculpture, each image enshrined in a niche, the principal divinities in the larger and central ones, female figures such as dancers and musicians at the sides, with saints and asceties in the smaller and less prominent sides. The Superstructure of this building has completely disappeared, but it comprised the traditional arrangement of a low pyramidal roof over the front portion, and a tall turreted Sikhara over the shrine. In both these formations the recessed chased, still visible in the body of the structure, were continued upward, those carried 65/1 The original plan of the temple seems to have consisted of the Garbhagriha and the Gudhamandapa, the Torana and the Kunda. The Sabhamandapa seems to have been added later on as indicated by the little space remaining between the Sabhamandapa and the Torana. Shri Meter A. Dhaky, on the strength of his peculiar methods of the style-critical analysis of Ranivava at Patan, ascribes the rangamandapa (i. e. Sabhamandapa) of this temple to the early years of the reign of Karnadeva. He also holds that the torana likewise was also latter addition. According to him both these structures show close resemblance in decorative and figural work but differ from those found in the Main shrine. (The Chronology of Solanki Temples of Gujarat p. 77. )

Structural Temples of the Caulukyan Period 123 up into the spire providing that element of verticality to its outward appearance which in its present truncated condition, is lacking. The interior of this enclosed portion is divided equally into two compartments, each consisting of a square of 7.8 meters wide, the front or eastern being the Gudhamandapa or assembly hall, containing eight columns around a central octagonal nave, above which is highly ornamental ceiling. Except, however, for a niche in every bay the enthroning an image of the sun-god, the walls of this hall are plain leading out of this compartment, through a shallow four pillared vestibule, is the shrine chamber a square cella with a processional passage around it. Carved decoration is here sparsely distributed, most of being concentrated on the entrance of the cells. This doorway has its jambs and lintels divided up by mouldings into sections each crowded with figures. 66 In front of the temple is a spacious tank which is known as the Ramayana or Surya Kunda. It has many terraces and steps that lead down to the water. On its banks and corners are various small shrines in some of which are to be seen the images of Sitala, Jalasayi Visnu and various other gods. The interesting and rare sculptures noticed here are those of Candra (the moon) and Ravana. The Kunda measures 53.8*36路6 ms,67 嗉� Vimalvasahi It is built by Vimalasa the minister of Bhima I at Delvada on Mt. Abu. It measures 42-7*57-9 ms. and contains the shrine proper (Mulagabharo), Gudhamandapa, Ramgamandapa, Nava Coki and 52 devakulikas enclosing the temple. There is the Hastisala also. The image of the Mulanayaka Risabhadeva has been consecrated in V. S. 1088 (A. D. 1032). There is exuberant carving and ornamentation on outer parts like Navacoki, Rangamandapa and cells in the court yard contrasted with much 66. Indian Archaeology, BH. p. pp. 146. 67. Archaeology in Baroda p. 10.

124 The Structural Temples of Gujarat plane inner sanctum and Gudhamandapa in its front. The present Sikharas also are too simple and crude. From this it can be assumed that many times repairs have been taken place. 68 The main entrance to it is through a domed porch in the east facing which is a six-pillared roofed pavilion-a rectangular walled structure-known as Hastisala. Entering the main door way, one notices an open wide corridor on a high platform running on all sides of the court yard of the shrine. At the outer end of the corridor is a row of about 54 cells with openings facing the shrine and their back walls forming a `high outer wall enclosing the Vimalvasahi. The shrine, with its Gudhamandapa and the other mandapas, is a structure cruciform in plan, its length being 30 ms. and its widest part is 12.9 ms. Through the open-space of the 68. The fact is that, in v. s. 1368 (1311 A. D.) Muslim invadar (Ala-ud-din Khilji) destroyed both the temples (Vimala Vasahi and Luna Vasahi) at Delvada and the demolition must have been so extensive and thorough that almost all the sanctums and the gudhamandapa as well as the images of the Tirthankars and the portraits in Hastisala were broken to peices or mutilated and even the outer carvings of the main sanctum and their front hall did not escape destruction. It is for this reason, that the interiors of the sanctums and the Gudhamandapas rebuilt in later repairs, have no ornamentation, and have quite plain interiors. Another extensive repair work (Jirnodhara) to this shrine took place in V. S. 1378 (Arbuda Pracina Jain Lekha Samdoha Inscription No. 1). These repairs were carried out with the Joint donation of six brothers Vijada and others who were sons of Dhanasimha and grandsons of Gosala of of Mandavyapura (modern Mandor near Jodhpur in Marwar) and of their three cousin brothers Laliga (Lalla) and others who were sons of Mahanasinh the sons of Bhima, the brother of Gosala. Portrait sculptures of Gosala and his wife Gunadevi and Mahanasinha and his wife Minaladevi, are still preserved in the Gudhamandapa of the Vimala Vasahika. It is just possible that these donors could not spend large sums over repairs and had to be satisfied with rebuilding the totaly destroyed parts with simple walls etc. void of fine carving.

t Structural Temples of the Caulukyan Period 125 court yard, one first reaches the Rangamandapa, the floor of which is only slightly raised from the level of the court yard. This open pavilion is composed of a central nave based on an cctagonal plan, with eight pillars supporting the dome of the nave. On the front and two sides (north and south) of this Mandapa, are, attached to it three open porticos resting on ornamental pillars with separate domes or ceiling for each. To the west or this Rangamandapa is attached a rectangular ceiling on pillars and of the same width as that of Navacoki or Vestibule to the west of it, and to which is joined this Rangamandapa. At this end of Rangamandapa one has to ascend three steps of the platform or basement on which rest all the other parts of the shrine built by Vimalashah. To the west of Rangamandapa, on this open platform, is the Navacoki an open rectangular pavilion-a trancept or vestibule in front of the Gudhamandapa-divided into three main sections, open on three sides, and having its roof supported by two rows of four pillars each. A main entrance to the sanctum is in the middle of the wall of the Gudhamandapa covering the western side of this Navacoki. The entrance has a high ornamental door-frame, the side walls adorned with different relief-carvings and ornamental big projecting Niches (Khattaka) on each side. The entrance leads into the Gudhamandapa or the hall adjacent to and in front of the main sanctum. On two sides (N. & S. ) of the Gudhamandapa are two trancepts (Vestibules or open porticos) reached by a flight of few stepts from the level of the court yard. This Gudhamandapa or so to say, the shrine itself has 3 entrances, the two entrances from these trancepts also having ornate door-frames; the pillars of the trancept are also adorned with reliefs of gods and goddesses. The Sanctum, the Gudhamandapa (with the trancepts) and the Navacoki in front rest on a common platform with basement mouldings, the platform being of almost the same level as that of corridor. The Rangamandapa whose floor is almost on a level with the Navacoki by a rectangular ceiling supported by a row of four extra pillars, the ceiling being divided into 3

126 The Structural Temples of Gujarat sections or bays. The porticos to the N. & S. of Rangamandapa extend beyond the line of two trancepts of the Gudhamandapa, and almost fill up the space of the open court yard, leaving very little space for circumambulation of the whole shrine. This shows that either the whole Rangamandapa did not belong to the original plan or at least its porticos were later additions. Literary evidence also supports the above view, Prithvipala, a minister of Kumarapala and a descendant of the family of Vimalashah, is said to have adorned the shrine with a mandapa etc., From the evidence of and inscription in cell No. 14 of this temple, the date of erection of a mandapa, Hastisala and repairs to the shrine can be fixed as c. 1206 V. S. ( 1149-50 A D.)69