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In addition to 碍耻峁囜笉补濒补, a number of other words are also used to indicate ear ornaments. They are鈥�(1) Kar峁嘺艣obhana, (2) Pravarta, (3) Pravartya, (4) Pr膩vepa, (5) 笔谤腻办腻艣补, (6) Sucakra, (7) Hira峁噛akar峁嘺s, (8) Kar峁嘺ve峁ａ弓ana, (9) 碍补谤峁噄办腻, (10) 笔补迟谤补办补谤峁噄办腻, (11) 惭补峁噄办补谤峁噄办腻, (12) Ratnakar峁噄k膩, (13) Dantapatra, (14) T膩l墨patra, (15) T膩lajapatra, (16) T膩lipa峁�峁璦, (17) 罢腻濒补辫补迟谤补, (18) 碍补谤峁嘺辫奴谤补, (19) Ma峁噄kar峁嘺p奴ra, (20) Ratnakar峁嘺p奴ra, (21) 础惫补迟补峁僺补, (22) 罢腻峁璦峁卥补, (23) 罢谤颈办补峁囜弓补办补, (24) Mocaka, (25) 碍墨濒补, (26) Kar峁嘺mudra, (27) Kar峁嚹佱箙guli, (28) 惭耻办迟腻辫丑补濒补, (29) Patrave峁ａ弓a, (30) 碍补谤峁噊迟办墨濒补办补, (31) 艢颈办丑颈辫补迟谤补, (32) 碍补谤峁噊迟辫补濒补, (33) Kar峁嘺kuvalaya, (34) Kanakan膩岣嵞�, (35) Mukt膩t膩峁璦ka, (36) Vajragarbha, (37) 艢惫补诲补峁冡梗峁璻腻, (38) Kar峁噊tta峁僺a, (39) 碍补谤峁嘺产丑奴峁�a峁嘺, (40) P奴r峁嘺madhya, (41) 顿补峁囜笉补办补, (42) C奴岣嵞玝h奴峁�a峁嘺, (43) Mukula, (44) 惭补峁囜笉补苍补, (45) Cakra, (46) Citra艣rava峁嚹乥hara峁嘺, (47) Pavitri, (48) Campakakalik膩, (49) 碍补谤峁嘺惫补濒补测补, (50) Trikar峁嘺, (51) 艢谤辞峁嚹玸奴迟谤补 and (52) Kar峁嘺c奴lik膩.

Of these, the first seven are mentioned in Vedic texts^[1]. Since the term Pravarta has its origin in the root V峁泃 which means encircle, it is supposed to be in the shape of a ring. From the term Hira峁噛akar峁嘺s it is believed that it was made of gold. Similarly Sucakra is perhaps wheel shaped. Kar峁嘺ve峁ａ弓ana is an ear-top that covers the entire lob of the ear. 碍补谤峁噄办腻 is supposed to be an ornament resembling the middle portion of a flower, for the term 碍补谤峁噄办腻 stands for the central part of a flower. It is said to be worn on the top portion of the ear. 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺 and 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 prescribe it for ladies^[2]. 笔腻峁噄苍颈 also referred to it^[3]. Sometimes it was bejewelled. 叠腻峁嘺 and 顿补峁囜笉颈 give information about 笔补迟谤补办补谤峁噄办腻, Makarakar峁噄k膩 and Ratnakar峁噄k膩^[4]. 笔补迟谤补办补谤峁噄办腻 is for ladies. Dantapatra is an ear-leaf fashioned from ivory. Usually it is an upper ear ornament and is crescent shaped with edges, looking like teeth of a saw. Plain as well as bejewelled types are seen. From the word Avas膩takadantapatra it can be inferred that this ornament is clipped on to the ear. In 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补惫补诲丑补^[5] it is referred to as Dantapatrik膩. Dhavaladantapatra is a common expression: T膩l墨patra is designed like a palm leaf. T膩lajapatra, T膩lipa峁�峁璦 and 罢腻濒补辫补迟谤补 are some of its variants. A T膩l墨patra made of gold is indicated by the terms Kanakapatra or Hemat膩l墨patra. Kanakapatra was an ear ornament for ladies. From the term 碍补谤峁嘺辫奴谤补 it can be inferred that it is an ornament that covers the entire ear. Usually it is modeled after lotus flower. Bejewelled variety was also in use. 惭补峁噄办补谤峁噄办腻 and Ratnakar峁噄k膩 are often mentioned by 叠腻峁嘺^[6]. In the context of Prado峁�avar峁嘺na in 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨, a 碍补谤峁嘺辫奴谤补 raktotpala is mentioned, which perhaps indicates a lotus shaped 碍补谤峁嘺辫奴谤补 with settings of ruby on it^[7]. Similarly a 碍补谤峁嘺辫奴谤补, inlaid with sapphire, resembling a blue lotus is mentioned by 惭腻驳丑补^[8]. Bharata refers to this ornament worn by ladies^[9]. 碍腻濒颈诲腻蝉补 makes plenty of references to 碍补谤峁嘺辫奴谤补^[10]. 础惫补迟补峁僺补 is made of sprouts. Sprouts of 罢补尘腻濒补, mango and Ketaka were used as 础惫补迟补峁僺补. It was even a bridal ornament. In 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补, R膩jya艣r墨 is described as wearing an 础惫补迟补峁僺补 on the occasion of her marriage^[11]. 罢腻峁璦峁卥补 is an ear drop dangling upto the cheek, used by both the sexes. 罢谤颈办补峁囜弓补办补 is mentioned by 叠腻峁嘺 in many places^[12]. From his description it is evident that it was an ornament used equally by men and women and is set with emerald between two pearls. 顿补诲丑墨肠颈, a young man and 叠丑补峁囜笉颈, a maternal cousin of 贬补谤峁�a and the royal ladies celebrating the birth of 贬补谤峁�a are described as wearing 罢谤颈办补峁囜弓补办补. Mocaka and 碍墨濒补^[13] are meant for men and are worn in the middle and top portion of the ear respectively. Kar峁嘺mudra and Kar峁嚹佱箙guli as their name indicates may have perhaps been ring shaped. 惭耻办迟腻辫丑补濒补patrave峁ａ弓a is an ear leaf made of pearls. 碍补谤峁噊迟办墨濒补办补 is an ear top. 艢颈办丑颈辫补迟谤补 is formed by setting gems of various colours, so as to make a look of peacock feather. 碍补谤峁噊迟辫补濒补 and Kar峁嘺kuvalaya are imitations of lotus. Kanakan膩岣嵞� is a tube shaped ornament fashioned in gold. Vajragarbha is formed by embedding a diamond in the centre. 艢vada峁冡梗峁璻a is referred to by V膩tm墨ki^[14]. Perhaps it might have been in the shape of a dog鈥檚 teeth. 顿补峁囜笉补办补 is a circular ornament. Pavitri is sanctified by the recitation of Vedic hymns. It is described in 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补 that during the funeral of his father, 搁腻箩测补惫补谤诲丑补苍补 replaced his sapphire studded ear ring by a Pavitri^[15]. Trikar峁嘺 is mentioned in 痴腻濒尘墨办颈-谤腻尘腻测补峁嘺. Perhaps it comprised of three rings.

More than one ornament could be worn in the same ear. 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨 is said to be wearing T膩l墨patra, 碍耻峁囜笉补濒补 and 碍补谤峁噊迟辫补濒补^[16]. Sometimes, ear ornaments were worn only on one ear. For instance the M膩ta峁単akany膩, who arrives at the court of 艢奴诲谤补办补 wears a Dantapatra only on one ear^[17]. Another interesting feature was that different sorts of ear ornaments could be worn on each ear. Thus 叠丑补峁囜笉颈 is described by 叠腻峁嘺 as wearing different sorts of ornaments in each ear^[18]. In 贬补谤峁�a肠补谤颈迟补, 叠腻峁嘺 describes 惭腻濒补迟墨 as wearing four ear ornaments. In both the ears, she wore a pair of 碍耻峁囜笉补濒补. Besides this, she wore in her right ear a green 碍别迟补办墨 bud and in the left ear she wore a Dantapatra of bluish shade^[19].