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7. Apadeva, the Author of the Mimamsanyayaprakasa and Mahamahopadhyaya Apadeva, the Author of the Adhikaranacandrika and the Smrticandrika - are they identical? Aufrecht' records only one MS of a mimamsa work called the Adhikaranacandrika by Mahamahopadhyaya Apadeva, viz. "L 1911" which is the same as No. 1911 described by Rajendralal Mitra in 1880.2 In Appendix A³ to his Notices of Sans. MSS containing a list of MSS purchased by him for the Govt. of India among the Mimamsa works No. 1911 is not included." It appears, therefore, that this big work of Apadeva represented by a single complete MS has remained in private possession since 1880 and may have been lost, though let me hope that some scholar at Darbhanga interested in the study of Mimamsa makes a strenuous effort to * Dr. F. W. Thomas Volume ed. by P. K. Gode and S. M. Katre, 1938, pp. 89-96. 1. Cata. Catalogorum, I. 10 b. 2. Notices of Sanskrit MSS, Calcutta 1880; Vol. V. pp. 229-230. 3. Ibid., pp. xvii to xxxi. 4. The General Secretary, Royal Asiatic Society, Bengal in his letter No. 323 of 24 th March, 1938, informs me as follows:-" You are informed that the particular MS ( = Adhikaranacandrika) which was noticed by R. L. MITRA in the Notices of Sanskrit MSS, Vol. V, was never in the possession of the Society, while in his tour he came to know of the existence of this manuscript and most probably he collected information about it by going directly to the place of its deposit." 66 Particulars of this MS as given by Rajendralal Mitra on p. 229 of Vol. V of his Notices are as follows:-" Substance, country-made paper 14 x 3 inches, Folia 112, Lines 6 on a page. Extent 2164 Slokas. Character Maithili. Date? Place of Deposit: Sano, Darbhanga, Pandit Madhav Jha. Appearance old. Prose. Correct. Adhikaranacandrika. On syllogisms with explanations and bearings of the various illustrations usually cited by authors. By Apadeva Mahamahopadhyaya." (39)

regain it from the descendants of Pandit Madhav Jha of Sano after proper inquiries. In the absence of this only MS of the Adhikaranacandrika it is difficult to say anything authoritatively about the author of this work or the work itself. Let me, however, record in this paper some evidence which goes to disprove that Apadeva the author of the Adhikaranacandrika is identical with Apadeva, the author of the very popular Mimamsa work called the Mimamsanyayaprakasa otherwise called Apadevi.' The genealogy of Apadeva, the author of the Mimamsanyayaprakasha as recorded by his son Anantadeva in his work Smrtikaustubha² is as follows:Ekanatha³ 1 son Apadeva (I) son Anantadeva (I) son Apadeva (11) (author of Mimamsanyayaprakasa) 1 son Anantadeva (II) (author of Smrtikaustubha) 1. Edited by Mahamahopadhyaya Vasudeva Shastri Abhyankar in the Govt. Ori. Series (Bhandarkar O. R. Institute, Poona, 1937). with an original Sanskrit commentary called Prabha (pages 31 +288). The work has been edited by Dr. Ganganath Jha in the Pandit, 26 (1904) Nos. 2, 4, 7, 8, pp. 1-48; 27 ( 1905) Nos. 2-8, pp. 49-226 and by Chinnaswami Sastri in the Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Benares, 1925 (with an original Sanskrit Commentary). See also another edition of the work by M. M. Lakshman Shastri and Sitaram Shastri, Chowkham. Sans. Series, 1921. For a critical student of Mimamsa the English translation of the work by Prof. Franklin Edgerton of the Yale University would be found very useful as it contains the transliterated Sanskrit text, a glossarial index together with a critical Introduction and Bibliography (Pub. by the Yale University Press, 1929). 2. Edited by Kamala Krsna Smrtitirtha in the Gaekwad Ori. Series, No. LXXII, Baroda, 1935. 3. Prof F. Edgerton in his Introduction to Apadevi (1929) observes about this Ekanatha :- (Continued on next page)

Aufrecht' makes the following entry in his Catalogus Catalogorum regarding the works of Apadeva, the author of the Mimamsanyayaprakasa :- 66 , son of Anantadeva, grandson of Apadeva father of Anantadeva, pupil of Govinda. -Adhikaranacandrika, Mim. L. 1911. -Mimamsanyayaprakasika.² (Continued from the previous page) - "This can hardly be the same as the well-known Maratha poet Saint Eknath, although he lived at Pratisthana (Paithan) also 'on the banks of the Godavari'." This Eknatha died in 1609 and apparently had only one son, named Hari.* - [* See Justin E. Abbott, Ekanath, Poona, 1927. For Ekanath's only son, Hari see pp. 211 ff.; for the date of Ekanath's death, p. 263. It is, however, extremely likely that the coincidences of name and location are not entirely meaningless; that is the poet-Saint Eknath belonged to the same distinguished family as his (younger?) contemporary, our Apadeva."] As Prof. Edgerton has raised his doubts about the identity of the two Ekanaths it may be worthwhile examining this question in detail on the basis of available evidence. 1. Cata. Catal I, 49 b. 2. The Gov. MSS Library (at the B. O, R. Institute) possesses the following MSS of Apadevi ;- (i) (ii) (iii) No. 576 of 1884-87 dated Samvat 1716 (= A. D. 1659 ). The Colophon reads :- "samvat 1716 samaye asvina sukla pratipadi likhitamidam " These chronological details give us Wednesday, 7 th Sept. 1659 as the date of this copy. (See Indian Ephemeris ). - No. 588 of 1884-87 a well-written copy, though not very old. No. 142 of 1871-72-on folio la of this MS we have the endorsement "and on folio 60 it is endorsed govimda dasaputrena likhitamidam - not very old.. 93 (iv) No. 380 of 1899-1915- appears to be old. (v) No. 374 of 1899-1915- an incomplete copy, though old. (vi) No. 626 of 1886-92-a good copy, not very old - - complete. (vii) No. 625 of 1886-92-written in very small characters 鈫� complete appears to be old. -

-Vada Kautuhala (Mim.) Radh. 16. -Smrticandrika L. 2239. -Apadeviya Oppert. (numerous MSS). I am concerned in this paper with the work called the Adhi. karanacandrika represented by only one MS as stated above. Let us now see if this work on Mimamsa is the work of the author of the Mimamsanyayaprakasa. Both the works viz., the Adhikarana-candrika and the Mimamsanyayaprakasa deal with Mimamsa. This is the only common point on the basis of which Aufrecht has ascribed both the works to the author of the Mimamsanyayaprakasa as can be seen from his catalogue entry quoted above. Besides this identity of subject the same name Apadeva must have also led him to identify one Apadeva with the other. I am inclined to doubt this identity on the basis of the following particulars which show both the points of identity and difference revealed from the evidence available to us:Author of Mimamsanyayaprakasa (1) Identity of the name Apadeva (the colophons of MSS of Mim. Ny. Prakasa mention the name Apadeva as the author of the work). (2) This Apadeva is called the son of Anantadeva in the colophons ( iti srimadanantadevasununa apa- devena krtam mimamsanyayaprakasa- samjnakam prakaranam etc.) (3) This Apadeva was a worshipper of Krsna. In verse 1 of Mimamsanyaya-prakasa he bows Govinda or Krsna. to Author of Adhikaranacandrika (1) The colophon of the only: MS of the Adhikaranacandrika mentions Apadeva as the author of the work. (2) This Apadeva is called Mahamahopadhyaya but his father's name is not recorded (the colophon reads :-- 6 iti mahamahopadhyaya mimamsakasri- apadevakrta adhikaranacandrika sam gori (3) This Apadeva was also a worshipper of Krsna. In verse I of the Adhikaranacandrika he bows to Nandanandana.

Verse 1 reads:- " " yatkrpalesamatrena purusarthacatu- stayam | prapyate tamaham vande govindam bhaktavatsalam 99 compare also the last two verses:- - kaham mandamati keyam prakriya bhatta- sammata | tasmadbhaktervilasoyam govindaguru grzat: 11 gramtharupo madiyoyam vagvyaparah su- sobhanah | anena priyatam devo govindo bhakta- vatsalah || (4) This Apedeva is not called Mahamahopadhyaya in any of the colophons of the Mim. Nya. Prakasa MSS examined by me. 66 Verse 1 reads:- indira hrdayanandam phullendivara- locanam | sanandam paramanandam vande'ham nanda . nandanam || " (4) This Apadeva is called both "Mimamsaka " and "Mahamahopadhyaya" in the only MS of the Adhikaranacandrika described by R. Mitra. I am inclined to believe that the author of the Mimamsa work called the Adhikaranacandrika represented by a single MS is Apadeva I in the genealogy given by Anantadeva in his Smrtikaustubha and who was the grandfather of Apadeva II, the author of the Mim. Nya. Prakasa. The study of mimamsa appears to have been a family heritage. As stated by Prof. Edgerton' Anantadeva, the father of Apadeva II was himself a famed specialist in Mimamsa as well as a pious devotee of Krsna. We may, therefore, 1. Introduction to Apadevi Edition (1929) p. 17. On p. 23 Prof. Edgerton draws our attention to the only passage in the Apadevi in which Apadeva II refers to his own father (Anantadeva) as an authority (asmattata caranastu evamaha p. 141 of B. O. R. Institute edition) This passage is of particular interest because it is the only place in the entire work where the author expressly claims originality for the arguments set forth. 66 " - 2. Ekanatha, the great grandfather of Apadeva II, was also a (Continued on next page)

conclude that Krsna was a family deity from Apadeva I to Apadeva II, and that the study of Mimamsa also continued without a break for at least three generations. It appears that the Mimamsaka Mahamahopadhyaya Apadeva composed another work called the Smrticandrika. This work also is represented by a single MS described by Rajendralal Mitra.' The following points of identity revealed from the recorded description of the MSS of the Adhikaranacandrika and the Smrticandrika indicate the identity of authorship in respect of these works :Adhikaranacandrika (1) Similarity of title (the title ends with the word Candrika). (2) Verse 1 at the beginning reads: 66 'indirahrdayanandam phullendivara- locanam | sanandam paramanandam vandeham nanda Smrticandrika (1) Similarity of title (the title ends with Candrika). (2) Verse 1 at the beginning reads: " indirahrdayanandam phullendivara- locanam | sanandam paramanandam vande'ham nanda- nandanam || " nandanam || " (Continued from the previous page) devotee of Krsna (Vide p. 451 of Kane: Hist. of Dharma. Vol. I, (1930) verse 13 of states :- 66 - asidgodavaritare vedavedisamanvitah | srikrsnabhaktimaneka ekanathabhidho dvijah || " - 1. Notices of Sanskrit MSS, Vol. VI, Calcutta, 1882, pp. 300 ff., "MS No. 2239-substance, country-made paper, 17 * 4 inches; Folios 188; Lines 8-9 on a page; Extent 12,900 Slokas ; character, Bengali ; Place of deposit Ula, Post Rangahata Zilla Nadiya ; Gopivallabha Bhattacharya; Appearance decayed; Prose and verse; correct. - A digest of Smrtis regarding duty by Apadeva Mahamahopadhyaya." This MS also like that of the Adhikaranacandrika is not included by R. Mitra in the list of MSS purchased for Govt. of India and it was in a decayed condition in 1882. The chances of its recovery from the descendants of Gopivallabha Bhattacharya are very remote, unless a new copy of it has been prepared and preserved in the family collections of MSS.

(3) nandanandana or Krsna was the deity worshipped by this Apadeva. (4) The colophon of this work reads :- " - iti mahamahopadhyaya mimamsakasri- apadevakrta sampurna " adhikaranacandrika a (5) This Apadeva was mimamsaka and had the title mahamahopadhyaya . (6) This MS contains the following remarks before the colophon : 66 tatra samanyatah darbhamatrasya atidesapraptau sarasya visesata eva upadesah | tatha grhamedhinam istivisaye atidesabaladeva darsa- karmajyabhagadeh sarvasya praptatve visesopadesa iti vivecaniyam . " (3) This Apadeva also bows to nandanandana or Krsna. (4) The colophon of this work reads :- " iti mahamahopadhyayamimamsakasri . apadeva krtau smrticandrika pari- purna " (5) This Apadeva was also a mimamsaka and a mahamahopadhyaya . (6) This MS contains before the colophon the following remarks:- " ityatah samanyato'tidesapraptau tattadvisesata upadesah " The points of identity in respect of the two works, viz., the Adhikaranacandrika and the Smrticandrika recorded above are, I believe, sufficiently convincing to warrant an inference that these two works were composed by the same author. I have, however, expressed my doubts' about the identity of this author Mahamahopadhyaya Apadeva with his namesake, viz., the author of the Apadevi. These doubts can be cleared if we succeed in recovering the only MS of the Adhikarana-chandrika as also that of the 1. Mr. P. V. Kane makes the following entries in his Hist. of Dharma. I (1930) about smrticamdraka and its author apadevah- - Page 668 - smrticamdrika by apa- deva mimamsaka . On kala, malamasa, vrata, anhika, vivaha, and other samskara s, stridharma, asramadharma, antyesti, asauca, sraddha (N. VI, 301 ). of Page 682 - apadeva son anantadeva . He was father of ananta- deva author of smrtikaustubha and so flourished about 1600-1650 A. D. suthor of smrticandraka, rudrapaddhati

Smrticandrika. Though we have no evidence to estimate the dates of both these works for want of evidence we have more stable chronology for the author of the Apadevi, viz.. Apadeva II. Prof. Edgerton' records the following evidence regarding the date of Apadeva II: (1) Anantadeva, the son of Apadeva II wrote a commentary on his father's Mimamsa-Nyaya-Prakasa. This commentary is called Bhattalamkara. (2) Khandadeva in his Bhattadipika criticized both the Mimamsa-Nyaya-Prakasa as also its commentary Bhattalamkara as specifically stated in the Prabhavali, a commentary on the Bhattadipika (composed in 1708 A. D. )² by Sambhubhatta, pupil of Khandadeva. (3) Khandadeva³ died at Benares in A. D. 1665. (4) We are, therefore, justified in assuming the early part of the 17 th century as the approximate date of Apadeva. Mr. Kane assigns Apadeva to the period 1600 to 1650 A. D. because he was father of Anantadeva, who flourished in the third quarter of the 17 th century." "C 5 The conclusion arrived at by Profs. Edgerton and Kane regarding Apadeva's date on independent grounds finds further corroboration from MSS as follows:- (1) The Govt. MSS Library at the B. O. R. Institute, Poona, has a MS of the Mimamsa-Nyaya-Prakasika, viz., No. 576 of 1884-87. This MS was copied in Samvat 1716 (Asvina Sukla Pratipadi )'i.e., on 7 th September, 1659. As this 1. Apadevi Edition, 1929, Intro. p. 18. 2. Vide p. 404 b of Cata. Catalo. of Aufrecht., Part I. " 3. Vide my article on the Chronology of Khandadeva's Works "in Indian Culture (D. R. Bhandarkar Commemoration Number). 4. Hist. of Dharma., I, p. 682. 5. Ibid., p. 453-Jivadeva, younger brother of Anantadeva, in his work Asaucanirnaya cites Nirnayasindhu composed in 1611-12 A. D.

is almost a contemporary copy of the work, scholars interested in textual criticism' may find it useful. ,, (2) A work called the Rudrapaddhatt 2 is ascribed to Apadeva II. In 1871 one Mr. Balambhatta of Surat had a copy of Rudrapaddhati of Apadeva containing 55 leaves (12 lines on a page). The age of the MS is 1662 which appears to be a Samvat year because Buhler³ who noticed this MS gives us to understand that "If no remark is added the era in which the MSS are dated, is Samvat.' The age 16624 recorded in Buhler's list must, therefore, be Samvat 1662 (= A. D. 1606). Presuming the correctness of Buhler's entries we must look upon this copy of Rudrapaddhati as as the oldest dated MS of a work. asrcibed to an author of the name Apadeva, even if we doubt the identity of this Apadeva with the author of the Mimamsanyayaprakasa. In case we succeed in getting incontrovertible evidence to prove the identity of the author of the Rudrapaddhati with the author of the Mim. Nya. Prakasa we shall be in a position to take the date of Apadeva II to the last quarter of the 16 th century. At present, however, the B. O. R. Institute MS of the Mimamsanyaya-prakasha copied on 7 th September, 1659 provides the best MS evidence for the date of Apadeva II. On the basis of evidence recorded above the following conclusions may be arrived at :- (1) The works Adhikaranacandrika and the Smrticandrika are composed by the same author, viz., Mimamsaka Mahamahopadhyaya Apadeva. 1. As Prof. Edgerton has constituted his text on the basis of three printed editions (Vide Intro. to Apadevi, p. 1) I recommend this MS to him for a critical edition of this useful text which appears to me a desideratum in spite of the numerous editions now available. 2. Kane: Hist. of Dharma., I, p. 682. 3. Cata. of Sanskrit MSS ( in private libraries of Gujarat, etc.) Fascicule I, 1871, p. 2. 4. Ibid., p. 235.

(2) The author of the Mimamsanyayaprakasika (also called Apadevi) appears to be different from the author of the Adhikaranachandrika and the Smrticandrika. (3) It may be tentatively suggested that there is a possibility of the author of the Adhikaranacandrika being identical with Apadeva I, the grandfather of Apadeva II (author of the Apadevi) but this suggestion needs more evidence than what has been incidentally recorded in this paper.