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Sankalpa Suryodaya of Venkatanatha (Critical Study)

by R. Laxmi | 1998 | 94,004 words

This is an English study of the Sankalpa Suryodaya—an allegorical Sanskrit drama by Venkatanatha, a distinguished philosopher-poet and dramatist of the Vishishtadvaita Vedanta tradition. This work of Venkata-natha (or, Vedanta Deshika). stands out for integrating allegory to convey moral and philosophical truths. The thesis examines its place in Sa...

Delineation of the Srngararasa or Erotic sentiment

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This sentiment is so called because its Capacity of attracting the minds of readers is unparalled. In this context, it is said that the nature of Shringara is Supreme. It is caused due to the advent of Manmatha." below : Now some examples delineating Srngara sentiment may be illustrated as cudavellitacaruhallakabharavyalambilolambakah kridantyatra hiranmayani dadhatah srrngani srngarinah | tanvangikarayantrayantranakalatantraksaradbhastrika- kasturiparivahameduramilajjambalalambalakah || S.S. I - 33, p.74-75 18. 19. atha santarasanubhavanaha taduktam bharatena mandaspandam bahiscittamanandasrulpute drsau | romancakancuka murtirmoksa sastrarthacintanam || brahmavidyopadesasca samgamastattvagocarah | nasagramagate netre jnanamudrapradarsanam || srrngam hi manmathodbhedastadagamanahetukah | uttama prakrtiprayo rasah srngara isyate || Prabhavilasa, p. 817 Visvanatha, Sahitya Darpana, III- 183, p. 228

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225 "Here are young pleasure seekers wearing Icvely flowers of red lotus in their plaited hair from which bees hang down and they are playing with golden syringes in their hands. Their locks of hair are thick with the liquid sprayed on them by the hands of slim young women, from bellows containing the paste of musk dissolved in water" This verse gives a beautiful description of young women. The red lotuses, golden bangles and the locks of hair - these are the elements highlighting the beauty of women. Therefore these are called Udaipana-vibhavas of Srngarasa. 20. Some other examples of Srrgararasa are | - 73, II - 26, III - 31, IV - 60, IV - 18, VIII - 61. The following is another example illustrating the delineation of Sombhogasrngara. It arises when both hero and heroin fallen in deep love, see each other with amorous look and experience the lovely touch of other ones. 21 janitavalayabhange dattaharavamarde musitanikhilakhede mohasamtosahetau | sacakitaparirambhe sampratam kataraksya- ratyajati yugalacintamangayorantaratma || S.S. 1 - 54, p.112 "In this close and frightened embrace of my beloved with looks expressive of timidity, her bangles have broken, neckless has been split into two, all thought of pain or fatigue is lost; it is such as will give delight to Moha; and my inner self has lost all sense of our bodies being two." As described in this verse, both Kama and Rati immersed in deep love, experience the joy of close touch, i.e.embrace. Hence it is an example of Sambhogasrngara. 20. 21. candracandanarolambarutadyuddipanamatam | darsanasparsanadini nisevete vilasinau | yatranuraktavanyonyam sambhogo'yamudahrtah || Visvanatha, Sahitya Darpana, III - 185, p.229 Visvanatha, Sahitya Darpana, III - 210, p.251

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226 There are many other examples where Sambhoga-shringara is developed. They are: III - 35, III - 47, IV - 46,V - 19 etc. Here is an example of Vipralambha-srngara. Vipralambha-shringara arises when hero and heroin are seperated from each other though they are in deep love. And they are not in a position to meet each other. dinadhipavinakrtivyasanakhinnasamdhyavadhu- vidhutakabaribhramaraprasarakautukapadakam | visrnkhalakalindajajalatarangabhangavali- 22 malimasamidam tamo jagadasesamacusati || S. S. III - 46, p.392 "The Sun having set, light shrinks everywhere, my lovely dear and the spread of dense darkness covers the face of the eastern quarter. And now the irrepressible Manmatha advances to afflict the world in the company of his friend, the Spring, doing various acts of an evil nature." This verse describes an advent of night. Before night appears, the dramatist describes that damsel of twilight i.e. Sandhya suffers from the pangs of seperation. from her lord the Sun. Here both Sandhya and the Sun are in deep love. But they are seperated. Thus here in the sense of seperation (Pravasa), Vipralambhasrngara is developed. Similarly, there are some other examples of the same coin. They are 1 - 74, IV - 6 etc.

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