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(a) Svar (I. 1. 6; p. 4)鈥�

[Heaven:]

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 mentions svar, svarga, 苍腻办补, tridiva, 迟谤颈诲补艣腻濒补测补, suraloka, dyo, 迟谤颈惫颈峁ａ弓补辫补 and div as synonyms of heaven.

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍's etymological explanations throw much light on the concept of heaven. He remarks that the word svar is placed first as it is most often found in usage鈥�

svarge pare ca loke svariti vak峁�yam膩峁嘺tve'p墨ha pracuraprayog膩rtha峁� sva岣ヅ沘bdop膩d膩na峁� vak峁�yati ca bh奴riprayog膩 ye ye峁�u pary膩ye峁�vapi te峁�u te |

Svarga is earned by goodness鈥�su峁ａ弓hu 膩rjyate 蝉惫补谤驳补岣� | N膩ka is that where there is absence of sorrow or the presence of 叠谤补丑尘腻鈥�

n膩styaka峁� du岣�khamatra 苍腻办补岣� n膩vidyam膩naviri帽co v膩 |

Tridiva is the third heaven or according to some it is the worlds of brahma and others鈥�

迟峁泃墨测腻 诲测补耻谤濒辞办补蝉迟谤颈诲颈惫补岣�, tray膩峁嚹佱箖 brahm膩d墨n膩峁� dyaurityeke |

罢谤颈惫颈峁ａ弓补辫补 is also mentioned as the third world. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 also remarks that the 艢谤耻迟颈蝉 also refer to it as in 产丑奴岣�-产丑耻惫补岣�s耻惫补岣� and further states that the easterners read the word as 迟谤颈辫颈峁ａ弓补辫补鈥�

迟峁泃墨测补峁� 惫颈峁ａ弓补辫补峁� 产丑奴谤产丑耻惫补岣� suvariti 艣rute岣� |
迟谤颈辫颈峁ａ弓补辫补尘颈迟颈 辫谤腻肠测腻岣� pr膩ye峁嘺 hyete pavau 艣asau ca vyatyasya pa峁環anti |

Hell and their varieties are also mentioned by 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 in I. 8. 1 but nothing prominent or exclusive is added by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍

(b) Amar膩岣� (I. 1. 7; p. 4)鈥�

[Gods:]

Of the many synonyms, 迟谤颈诲补艣补 is one of the synonyms of gods.

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 derives it as those whose numbers are thirty three quoting the 艣谤耻迟颈 for authority and also gives the view of 骋补耻岣峚 that it denotes those who have only the three stages of age refer to absence of old age鈥�

trir诲补艣补 parim膩峁嘺me峁Ｄ佱箖 迟谤颈诲补艣腻岣� 鈥�迟谤补测补蝉迟谤颈峁兣沘诲惫补颈 诲别惫腻岣� 蝉辞尘补辫腻鈥� iti 艣rute岣� |
tisro 诲补艣腻 vayo'vastha ye峁Ｄ乵iti 驳补耻岣峚岣� |

The other synonyms read under the light of commentary of 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 reveal that they are the names of gods associated with their origin and way of life, like the sons of Aditi, enemies of the 顿腻苍补惫补蝉, who have fire as their mouth, are depicted in drawings for worship (lekha), devoid of dreams, consumers of 补尘峁泃补, etc.

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 remarks (III. 3. 242, p. 331-32) that the gods are always young and youthful鈥�

sak峁沝yuv膩no g墨rv膩峁嚹佱弗 |

(c) Ga峁嘺devat膩s (I. 1. 10; p. 5)鈥�

[Sets of divinities^[1] :]

Gods represented in sets or groups are listed in 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 represents their numbers as follows鈥揟he 腻诲颈迟测腻蝉 are twelve in number; the 惫颈艣惫别诲别惫补蝉^[2] are thirty^[3] and that they are the Gods worshipped foremost in the 艣谤腻诲诲丑补; eight vasus; thirty six 迟耻峁�i迟腻蝉; sixty four 腻产丑腻蝉惫补谤腻蝉; forty nine 补苍颈濒腻蝉; two hundred and thirty six 尘补丑腻谤腻箩颈办腻蝉 also denoted by some as 尘腻丑腻谤腻箩颈办腻蝉; twelve 蝉腻诲丑测腻蝉; and eleven 谤耻诲谤腻蝉;

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 also specifies that the 迟耻峁�i迟腻蝉 and the rest are found in the Bauddha and P膩ta帽jala 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉鈥�

ete 诲惫腻诲补艣补tv膩din膩 sa峁僩hena 测耻办迟腻 驳补峁嘺诲别惫补迟腻, 迟谤补测辞诲补艣补 vi艣ve诲别惫腻岣� 艣r膩ddh膩gre vi艣ant墨ti |
腻峁ａ弓补耻 惫补蝉补惫补岣�, 峁�a峁璽谤颈峁兣沘迟迟耻峁�i迟腻岣�, 肠补迟耻岣メ梗补峁ａ弓颈谤腻产丑补蝉惫补谤腻岣�, ekonapa帽c膩艣adanil膩岣� |
峁�a峁璽ri峁兣沘d dve艣ate 尘补丑腻谤腻箩颈办腻岣� m膩h膩r膩jik膩 ityeke |
诲惫腻诲补艣补 蝉腻诲丑测腻岣� | ek膩诲补艣补 rudr膩岣� | tu峁�it膩dy膩岣� 产补耻诲诲丑补辫腻迟补帽箩补濒补辫耻谤腻峁嚹乨补耻 诲峁涐梗峁�膩岣� |

(d) Demi-gods (I. 1. 11; p. 5):

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 lists the demigods whose heirarchy or the varieties are highlighted by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 as follows鈥揌e remarks that these have their origin in the gods and hence called demi-gods or devayonis鈥�

devayonirutpattisthaname峁Ｄ佱箖 dev膩峁兣浤� ityartha岣� |

(i) 痴颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补蝉 are those like 闯墨尘奴迟补-惫腻丑补苍补鈥搇ords of arts like sword play, 驳耻峁璱办腻帽箩补苍补 别迟肠.鈥�

惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补 j墨m奴tav膩han膩daya岣� kha岣峠agu峁璱k膩帽jan膩dividy膩dh膩ri峁嘺艣ca |

(ii) The apsaras are the divine damsels like 搁补尘产丑腻 and others鈥�

腻辫蝉耻 sarantyapsaraso devayo峁�ita岣� rambhadaya岣�;

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 names (I. 1. 52; p. 17) the divine damsels as follows鈥�

驳丑峁泃腻肠墨 尘别苍补办腻 谤补尘产丑腻 耻谤惫补艣墨 ca 迟颈濒辞迟迟补尘腻 |
蝉耻办别艣墨 ma帽jugho峁Ｄ乨y膩岣� kathyante'psaraso budhai岣� |

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 derives the word 耻谤惫补艣墨 as one born from the thighs of 狈腻谤腻测补峁嘺 and quotes 痴颈办谤补尘辞谤惫补艣墨测补尘 (I. 4) in support of his view鈥�

奴r奴 膩艣nute n膩r膩ya峁嘺syor奴dbhavadv膩d耻谤惫补艣墨 |
测补濒濒补办峁�y补峁冣赌�
奴r奴dbhav膩 narasakhasya mune岣� surastr墨ti |

(iii) The 测补办峁�a蝉 are gods of wealth like Kubera and others鈥�

测补办峁Ｄ� kuber膩daya 峁沝dh墨艣var膩岣� |;

(iv) The 谤补办峁�a蝉 are the demons skilled in magic residing in 尝补峁卥腻鈥�

rak峁Ｄ佱箖si m膩y膩vino la峁卥膩dhiv膩sina岣� |

(v) The Gandharvas are the divine musicians like Tumburu and others鈥�

gandharv膩stu峁僢uru prabh峁泃ayo devag膩yan膩岣� |

Again 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 (I. 1. 52; p. 17) mentions 丑腻丑腻 丑奴丑奴 and others as divine singers. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 observes that these are names of two individuals while according to some, these two together represent a single person.

Justifying his statement he says that in usage it is found that the words represent two different persons and also presents the view of Bhoja that these two are the nuances of music and hence an indeclinable鈥�

丑腻丑腻 eko 丑奴丑奴ranya岣� eka峁� n膩metyeke gandharvau ca 丑腻丑腻 丑奴丑奴riti tu lak峁�yam |
膩l膩panik膩nuk膩r膩tpu峁僺yetau 膩vyay膩viti 艣r墨bhoja岣� |

(vi) The Kinnaras are the b eauticians like 补艣惫腻诲颈尘耻办丑补蝉鈥�

办颈苍苍补谤腻 膩艣v膩dimukh膩岣� 艣峁涐箙g膩ri峁嘺岣� | (vii)

The 笔颈艣腻肠补蝉 are those without flesh but feeding on flesh鈥�

辫颈艣腻肠腻岣� pi艣it膩艣膩st膩mas膩岣� svaya峁� 苍颈谤尘腻峁僺腻岣� |

(viii) The Guhyakas are the protectors of wealth such as 尘补峁噄产丑补诲谤补 and the like鈥�

驳耻丑测补办腻 nidhip膩l膩 ma峁噄bhadr膩daya岣� g奴hayant墨ti |

(ix) The Siddhas are those endowed with eight qualities of wealth鈥�

蝉颈诲诲丑腻岣� siddhyant墨ti pr膩pt膩峁ａ弓agu峁嘺i艣vary膩 vi艣v膩vasuprabh峁泃aya岣� |

(x) The 产丑奴迟补蝉 are the the evilspirits afflicting the children or are the attendants of Rudra鈥�

产丑奴迟腻 产腻濒补驳谤补丑腻诲补测辞 丑颈峁僺谤腻, rudr膩nucar膩 v膩 yato'sau 产丑奴辫补迟颈岣� |

(e) Asuras (I. 1. 12; p. 6)鈥�

[Demons:]

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍's etymologies help in understanding the nature of the demons. Those who did not consume 蝉耻谤腻 or nector or those who hate the gods were asuras; the enemies of gods鈥�诲腻苍补惫腻谤颈; sons of Danu and Diti鈥�诲腻苍补惫补 daitya or ditisuta; who were originally gods but being corrupt fell down as demons鈥�辫奴谤惫补诲别惫腻 (III. 5. 11; p. 346)鈥搇ike Virocana, Bali, Namuci, 笔谤补丑濒腻诲补 and others鈥�

膩蝉耻谤腻 辫奴谤惫补诲别惫腻 daitya 诲腻苍补惫腻 tadvi艣e峁Ｄ佱弗鈥攙irocano balirnamuci岣� 辫谤补丑濒腻诲补岣� |

Enumerating the divisions of gods and demons, 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 proceeds to list the synonyms of the gods individually.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

See Appendix II for the list of these sets of divinities.

[2]:

办谤补迟耻谤诲补办峁�o 惫补蝉耻岣� 蝉补迟测补岣� 办腻尘补岣� 办腻濒补蝉迟补迟丑腻 艣补苍颈岣� |
rottakacc膩rdravaccaiva tath膩 c膩nye 辫耻谤奴谤补惫腻岣� ||
惫颈艣惫别诲别惫腻 bhavantyete 诲补艣补 sarvatra 辫奴箩颈迟腻岣� |
(vahni pur膩峁噀 ga峁嘺bheda n膩m膩dhy膩ya岣�)

[3]:

Bh膩nuji and 艢补产诲补办补濒辫补诲谤耻尘补 opine that the 痴颈艣惫别诲别惫补蝉 are 10 and 惭补丑腻谤腻箩颈办腻蝉 are 220.