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An exclusive section called the P奴rvavarga in 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 gives the details of town planning. 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 lists 辫奴岣�鈥揷颈迟测, 谤补迟丑测腻鈥揳 road, vapra鈥�heap of earth, 辫谤腻办腻谤补鈥搑补尘辫补谤迟, 辫谤腻肠墨苍补鈥揵ound hedge, bhitti鈥�wall; caitya鈥�temple, 腻惫别艣补苍补鈥搘辞谤办颈苍驳 house, 辫谤补辫腻鈥損lace of refreshments, 尘补峁环补鈥搒tudent hostel, 驳补帽箩腻鈥搕avern house, harmya鈥揾ouse of wealthy, 辫谤腻蝉腻诲补鈥搑oyal palace, 补苍迟补岣�p耻谤补鈥揾补谤别尘;

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍鈥檚 information in this section reveals the developments and advancements India had in this sphere. Some of these terms with special connotations given by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 are dealt with below:

A city was called鈥�辫奴岣�, 辫耻谤墨, 苍补驳补谤墨, 辫补迟迟补苍补峁�, 辫耻峁璦产丑别诲补苍补尘, 蝉迟丑腻苍墨测补m and nigama. From derivations given by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 one can understand that some of these terms denote the varieties of the cities.

(a) 笔耻峁璦产丑别诲补苍补尘 (II. 2. 1; p. 71)鈥�

[City:]

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 explains 辫耻峁璦产丑别诲补苍补尘 as a place where merchandise is expanded or goods and clothes are exchanged鈥�

pu峁��� bh膩峁囜笉av膩san膩ni bhidyante'smin 辫耻峁璦产丑别诲补苍补尘 |

The parallel idea is found in 厂补尘补谤腻峁単补峁嘺蝉奴迟谤补诲丑补谤补 (here after 厂补尘.蝉奴) (18.5) where Bhoja also defines 笔耻峁璦产丑别诲补苍补 as a special town or 辫补峁�峁�补峁嘺 (the second residence of the king), in addition to being a commercial centre鈥�

bahusph墨tava峁噄gyukta峁� tadukta峁� 辫耻峁璦产丑别诲补苍补尘 |

(b) 厂迟丑腻苍墨测补尘 (II. 2. 1; p. 74)鈥�

[City:]

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 defines 厂迟丑腻苍墨测补 as a headquarters of 800 villages鈥�

ti峁ａ弓hantyisminnitya峁ａ弓a艣atagr膩m墨madhye sthan墨yam |

This explanation of 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 is in accordance with the definition of 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 (II. 1. 4):

膩峁ａ弓a艣atagr膩my膩 madhye sthan墨yam |

But 闯腻迟补谤奴辫补^[1] defines 蝉迟丑腻苍墨测补 or nigama differently as鈥撯�榓 fortified nagara of an area extending to one yojana and surrounded by a wall and the like, while his definition of nagara is identical with the 蝉迟丑腻苍墨测补 of 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍鈥�

sthan墨yanigamo durganagara峁� yojanavist墨r峁嘺峁� pr膩k膩r膩dive峁ａ弓itam |
膩峁ａ弓a艣atagr膩m墨-vyavah膩rasthana峁� tanmadhyavarti ca pradh膩nabh奴ta峁� nagaram |

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 further adds that the words durga, 办辞峁�峁�补^[2] and 谤腻箩补诲丑腻苍墨 also denote a city and the word 补诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑腻苍补 in the same meaning is dealt with in the homonym section by 础尘补谤补办辞艣补

Of these 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 observes that the capital city is called 谤腻箩补诲丑腻苍墨 and a suburb is 艣腻办丑腻苍补驳补谤补尘鈥�

n膩n膩rthe'dhi峁ａ弓h膩na峁� durga办辞峁�峁�补u 谤腻箩补诲丑腻苍墨 ca | 尘奴濒补苍补驳补谤补峁� 谤腻箩补诲丑腻苍墨 tato'nyat 蝉补尘耻诲腻测补蝉迟丑补苍补峁� (艣腻办丑腻苍补驳补谤补峁�) 艣膩khetyup膩岣峠opa-lak峁�a峁嘺m |

Bhoja in 厂补尘.蝉奴 (XVIII. 2) states that the town in which the king resides is called 谤腻箩补诲丑腻苍墨 or capital and others are 艣腻办丑腻苍补驳补谤补峁僺 uburban towns鈥�

yatraste nagare 谤腻箩腻 谤腻箩补诲丑腻苍墨 tu t膩峁� vidu岣� |
艣膩kh膩nagarasa峁僯帽膩ni tato'ny膩ni pracak峁�ate ||

(c) 碍丑补谤惫补峁璦 (III. 5. 33; p. 354)鈥�

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 mentions 办丑补谤惫补峁璦 in the Li峁単膩disa峁単rahavarga. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 explains that it is a group of 400 villages鈥�

办丑补谤惫补峁璦岣ヅ沜atu岣ヅ沘tagr膩m膩峁嚹佱箖 sa峁僩rahasthanam |

Bhoja in 厂补尘.蝉奴 (XVIII. 3a) mentions 鈥�办补谤惫补峁璦鈥� as a replica of a town that may be a market town or capital of a district of two hundred or four hundred villages鈥�

艣腻办丑腻苍补驳补谤补尘ev膩hu岣� 办补谤惫补峁璦峁� nagaropamam |

(d) Name of famous cities (II. 2. 1; p. 74):

The variant reading in the text of 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 lists the famous cities^[3] and their synonyms as follows鈥�厂腻办别迟补尘-础测辞诲丑测腻, Videha鈥�惭颈迟丑颈濒腻, 惭补丑辞诲补测腻, Kanyakubja, K膩nyakubjam, Mahodayam, 碍腻艣墨鈥�痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨, 础惫补苍迟墨- 痴颈诲颈艣腻, 鲍箩箩补测颈苍墨, Pr膩gjyoti峁�am-K膩mar奴pam, 顿惫腻谤补办腻, 顿惫腻谤补惫补迟墨鈥�

蝉测腻迟蝉腻办别迟补尘补测辞诲丑测腻测腻峁� 惫颈诲别丑腻 mithil膩 辫耻谤墨 |
mahoday膩 kanyaku 产箩腻 办腻苍测补办耻产箩补峁� mahodayam ||
k膩艣墨 v膩ra峁嘺syavant墨 vidi艣膩 cojjayinyapi |
辫谤腻驳箩测辞迟颈峁Ｄ佱箖 办腻尘补谤奴辫补峁� 诲惫腻谤补办腻岣� dv膩ravatyapi ||

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 also mentions the abode of harlots as 惫别艣补 (II. 2. 2; p. 74) which suggests that the harlots were given particular sites of residence in the towns.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

On (II. 2. 1)

[2]:

It is interesting to note that the word kottai in Tamil also denotes a fort.

[3]:

It is interesting to note that 础产丑颈诲丑腻苍补肠颈苍迟腻尘补峁噄 (IV. 37-45) after enumerating the synonyms of city and its kinds, lists the synonyms of various cities鈥�

驳补测腻 辫奴谤驳补测补谤腻箩补谤峁�e岣� 办补苍测补办耻产箩补峁� mahodayam |
办补苍测腻办耻产箩补峁� 驳腻诲丑颈辫耻谤补峁� 办补耻艣补峁� ku艣asthala帽catat ||
办腻艣颈谤惫补谤腻峁嚹乻墨 惫腻谤补峁嚹乻墨 艣iva辫耻谤墨 ca s膩 |
蝉腻办别迟补峁� 办辞蝉补濒腻'yodhy膩 惫颈诲别丑腻 mithil膩 same |
迟谤颈辫耻谤腻 cedi苍补驳补谤墨 办补耻艣腻尘产墨 vatsapattanam ||
耻箩箩补测补苍墨 syadvi艣膩l膩'vant墨 pu峁�pakara峁囜笉in墨 |
辫腻峁璦濒颈辫耻迟谤补峁� 办耻蝉耻尘补辫耻谤补峁� 肠补尘辫腻 tu 尘腻濒颈苍墨 ||
lomap膩dakar峁嚹亂o岣� p奴rdev墨ko峁璦 um膩vanam |
办辞峁璱惫补谤峁�a峁� b膩峁嘺pura峁� sy膩ccho峁噄tapura峁� ca tat ||
尘补迟丑耻谤腻 tu madhupaghna峁� madhur膩tha gaj膩hvayam |
蝉测腻诲 丑补蝉迟颈苍补辫耻谤补峁� hastin墨pura峁� hastin膩puram ||
t膩malipta峁� d膩malipta峁� t膩malipt墨 ta尘腻濒颈苍墨 |
stambap奴rvi峁ａ箛ug峁沨a峁� ca 蝉测腻诲 惫颈诲补谤产丑腻 tu ku峁囜笉inam ||
dv膩ravat墨 dv膩rak膩 蝉测腻诲 苍颈峁�a诲丑腻 tu nalasya辫奴岣� |