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啶掂ぞ啶氞�曕じ啷嵿く啷嬥お啶距ぇ啶苦ぎ啷� 啶嗋す,

惫腻肠补办补syop膩dhim 膩ha,

He states the characteristic of a literally expressive word:

sa mukhyo鈥檙thas tatra mukhyo vy膩p膩ro鈥檚y膩bhidhocyate ||2.8cd||

蝉补岣�鈥攖hat [assigned meaning]; 尘耻办丑测补岣�鈥攎补颈苍; 补谤迟丑补岣�鈥攎别补苍颈苍驳; tatra鈥攊n that [meaning^[1] ]; 尘耻办丑测补岣�鈥攑谤颈尘补谤测; 惫测腻辫腻谤补岣�鈥攔hetorical function; asya鈥攐f this [word]; 补产丑颈诲丑腻鈥敳共�丑颈诲丑��; ucyate鈥攊s called.

The assigned meaning is the main meaning. In that regard, the main rhetorical function of a word is called 补产丑颈诲丑腻 (Denotation).

sa 蝉腻办峁Ｄ乼 蝉补峁卥别迟颈迟辞 j膩ty-膩dir mukhyo鈥檙thas tatr膩sya 艣补产诲补蝉测补 mukhyo vy膩p膩ro 惫峁泃迟颈r abhidhocyate. idam atra bodhyam, 惫腻肠补办补岣� 艣abdas tridh膩, yaugiko r奴岣峢o yoga-谤奴岣峢补艣 ceti. yatr膩vayav膩rtha eva budhyate sa yaugika岣�, yath膩 p膩cak膩ditey膩di岣�. yatr膩vayava艣akti-nairapek峁�ye峁嘺 samud膩ya-艣akti-m膩tre峁嘺 bodha岣� sa 谤奴岣峢补岣�, yath膩 go-ma峁囜笉ap膩di岣�. iha gamana-ma峁囜笉a-p膩na-kart峁泃va-r奴pa峁� yog膩rtha峁� vinaiva vyakti-vi艣e峁�a-g峁沨a-vi艣e峁�ayor avagama岣�. yatra tv avayava-艣akti-vi峁�aye samud膩ya-艣aktir apy asti sa yoga-谤奴岣峢补岣�, yath膩 辫补峁卥补箩补-vak峁�oj膩di岣�. 辫补峁卥补箩补-艣abdo hy avayava-艣akty膩 pa峁卥a-jani-kart峁�-r奴pam artha峁� bodhayati, samud膩ya-艣akty膩 tu padmatvena r奴pe峁嘺 padmam iti yog膩rtha-sattve鈥檖i vyakti-vi艣e峁�abodhan膩d yoga-谤奴岣峢补 ev膩s膩v iti.

鈥淭he directly assigned meaning, such as a category (蝉补岣� = 蝉腻办峁Ｄ乼 蝉补峁卥别迟颈迟辞 箩腻迟颈-腻诲颈岣�), is the primary meaning. In that regard, the main function (mukhyo 惫测腻辫腻谤补岣� = 尘耻办丑测腻 惫峁泃迟颈岣�) of a word (asya = 艣补产诲补蝉测补) is called 补产丑颈诲丑腻.鈥�

In this context, the following should be kept in mind. There are three kinds of literally expressive words (惫腻肠补办补): yaugika (its meaning is etymological), 谤奴岣峢补 (its meaning is conventional), and yoga-谤奴岣峢补 (its meaning is both etymological and conventional).

That in which only the meanings of the constituent parts are understood is a yaugika word. Examples are 辫腻肠补办补 (cook) and  腻诲颈迟别测补 (Aditi鈥檚 son).

That in which the meaning is understood merely by the sum total of the force, without any regard for the force of the parts, is a 谤奴岣峢补 word. Examples are go (cow, bull) and 尘补峁囜笉补辫补 (pavilion). In this kind of word, there is an understanding of a particular individual thing and of a particular habitation respectively, without the etymological meanings of moving (go 鈮� gamanam) and of being a drinker of liquor (尘补峁囜笉补-辫补).

A yoga-谤奴岣峢补 word is that in which the sum total of the force takes place even in the scope of the force of the parts. Examples are 辫补峁卥补箩补 (lotus; born from mud) and 惫补办峁�o箩补 (breast; originated from the chest). By the force of the parts, the word 辫补峁卥补箩补 makes  one understand the meaning of 鈥渢aking birth from mud,鈥� yet by the sum total of the force it makes one understand a lotus (since in the dictionaries 辫补峁卥补箩补 means lotus). The word 辫补峁卥补箩补 is yoga-谤奴岣峢补 because, although the etymological sense takes place (a lotus originates from mud), there is the understanding of a particular individual thing.

Commentary:

There is a well-known rule: yog膩d r奴岣峢ir bal墨yas墨, 鈥淭he conventional meaning is stronger than the etymological meaning.鈥�^[2] The dissertation on yaugika words and so on is taken from 础濒补峁卥腻谤补-办补耻蝉迟耻产丑补.

A 谤奴岣峢补 word is a 濒腻办峁�a峁噄办补 word that has become 惫腻肠补办补 (literally expressive) owing to the profuseness of the usage.^[3] As an example, 膧苍补苍诲补惫补谤诲丑补苍补 gives the word 濒腻惫补峁噛补 (glistening beauty),^[4] which literally means saltness. The meaning of saltness is yaugika. Abhinavagupta gives these examples: 腻苍耻濒辞尘测补 (conformity) (lit. in the same way as the natural direction of the hair), 辫谤腻迟颈办奴濒测补 (contrariety) (lit. flowing off the bank), and 蝉补产谤补丑尘补肠腻谤颈苍 (in accompaniment) (lit. fellow student) (Locana 1.16).

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

asya 艣补产诲补蝉测补 tatr膩rthe yo鈥檅hidh膩-r奴po 惫测腻辫腻谤补岣� sa mukhyo yata ucyata ity 补谤迟丑补岣� (碍腻惫测补-辫谤补诲墨辫补 2.8).

[2]:

r奴岣峢ir yogam apaharat墨ti ny膩yena (闯墨惫补 骋辞蝉惫腻尘墨鈥檚 顿耻谤驳补尘补-蝉补峁単补尘补苍墨 1.1.21); r奴岣峢ir yogam apaharat墨ti ny膩y膩t. evam 耻办迟补峁� bha峁�峁璦i岣�, 鈥渓abdh膩tmik膩 蝉补迟墨 r奴岣峢ir bhaved yog膩pah膩ri峁嚹�, kalpan墨y膩 tu labhate n膩tm膩na峁� yoga-b膩dhata岣�鈥� [狈测腻测补-辫谤补诲墨辫补] iti (Baladeva Vidy膩bh奴峁�a峁嘺鈥檚 厂腻谤补峁単补-谤补峁単补诲腻 1.1.13).

[3]:

yad 膩ha 鈥渘ir奴岣峢膩 濒补办峁�a峁嚹佱弗 k膩艣cit s膩marthy膩d 补产丑颈诲丑腻na-vat鈥� [by Kum膩rila 叠丑补峁�峁�补] [cited by Mukula in 础产丑颈诲丑腻-惫峁泃迟颈-尘腻迟峁沰腻 7] iti (Locana 1.16).

[4]:

r奴岣峢膩 ye vi峁�aye鈥檔yatra 艣abd膩岣� sva-vi峁�ay膩d api |
l膩va峁噛膩dy膩岣� prayukt膩s te na bhavanti 辫补诲补峁� 诲丑惫补苍别岣� || (顿丑惫补苍测腻濒辞办补 1.16)