365bet娱乐

[Sanskrit text for this chapter is available]

The superintendent of the treasury shall, in the presence of qualified persons, admit into the treasury whatever he ought to, gems (ratna) and articles of superior or inferior value.

T膩mrapar峁噄ka, that which is produced in the T膩mrapar峁噄;^[1] P膩峁囜笉vakav膩峁璦ka, that which is obtained in 笔腻峁囜笉测补kav膩峁璦;^[2] P膩艣ikya, that which is produced in the 笔腻艣补;^[3] Kauleya, that which is produced in the 碍奴濒补;^[4] Caur峁噀ya, that which is produced in the 颁奴谤峁嘺;^[5] 惭腻丑别苍诲谤补, that which is obtained near the mountain of Mahendra; K膩rdamika, that which is produced in the 碍腻谤诲补尘补;^[6] Srautas墨ya, that which is produced in the Srotasi;^[7] Hr膩d墨ya, that which is produced in (a deep pool of water known as) Hrada;^[8] and Haimavata, that which is obtained in the vicinity of the 贬颈尘腻濒补测补蝉 are the several varieties of pearls.

Oyster shells, conch shells, and other miscellaneous things are the wombs of pearls.

That which is like 尘补蝉奴谤补 (Ervum hirsutam), that which consists of three joints (tripu峁璦ka),^[9] that which is like a tortoise (k奴rmaka), that which is semi-circular, that which consists of several coatings, that which is double (测腻尘补办补), that which is scratched, that which is of rough surface, that which is possessed of spots (siktaka), that which is like the water-pot used by an ascetic, that which is of dark-brown or blue colour, and that which is badly perforated are inauspicious.

That which is big, circular, without bottom (nistala), brilliant, white, heavy, soft to the touch, and properly perforated is the best.

艢墨谤峁�a办补,^[10] 耻辫补艣墨谤峁�a办补,^[11] 辫谤补办腻峁囜笉补办补,^[12] 补惫补驳丑腻峁璦办补,^[13] and taralapratibandha^[14] are several varieties of pearl necklaces.

One thousand and eight strings of pearls form the necklace, Indracchanda.
Half of the above is Vjjayacchanda.
Sixty-four strings make up Ardhah膩ra.
Fifty-four strings make up Ra艣mikat膩pa.
Thirty-two strings make up Guccha.
Twenty-seven strings make up Nak峁�atram膩l膩.
Twenty-four strings make up Ardhaguccha.
Twenty strings make up 惭腻峁嘺惫补办补.
Half of the above is Ardham膩峁嘺vaka.

The same necklaces with a gem at the centre are called by the same names with the word 鈥湶涯遽箛a惫补办补鈥� suffixed to their respective names.

When all the strings making up a necklace are of 艣墨r峁�aka pattern, it is called pure necklace^[15] (艣uddhah膩ra); likewise with strings of other pattern.^[16] That which contains a gem in the centre is (also) called Ardham膩峁嘺vaka.

That which contains three slab-like gems (triphalaka)^[17] or five slab-like gems (pa帽caphalaka) in the centre is termed Phalakah膩ra.

An only string of pearls is called pure 贰办腻惫补濒颈; the same with a gem in the centre is called 驰补峁ａ弓颈; the same variegated with gold globules is termed 搁补迟苍腻惫补濒墨.

A string made of pearls and gold globules alternately put is called Apavartaka.

Strings of pearls with a gold wire between two strings is called Sop膩naka.

The same with a gem in the centre is called Ma峁噄sop膩naka.

The above will explain the formation of head-strings, bracelets, anklets, waist-bands, and other varieties.

Kau峁璦, that which is obtained in the 碍奴峁璦;^[18] Mauleyaka, that which is found in the M奴leya^[18] and P膩rasamudraka, that which is found beyond the ocean are several varieties of gems.

That which possesses such pleasant colour as that of the red lotus flower, or that of the flower of 辫腻谤颈箩腻迟补 (Erithrina Indica), or that of the rising sun is the Saugandhika gem.

That which is of the colour of blue lotus flower, or of 艣颈谤墨峁�a (Acacia sirisa), or of water, or of fresh bamboo, or of the colour of the feathers of a parrot is the 痴补颈岣嵟玶测补^[19] gem; 笔耻峁�y补谤腻驳补, Gom奴traka, and Gomedika are other varieties of the same.

That which is characterised with blue lines, that which is of the colour of the flower of 碍补濒腻测补 (a kind of phraseolus), or which is intensely blue, which possesses the colour of Jambu fruit, (rose-apple), or which is as blue as the clouds is the 滨苍诲谤补苍墨濒补 gem; Nandaka (pleasing gem), Sravanmadhya (that which appears to pour water from its centre), S墨tav峁涐梗峁璱 (that which appears to pour cold shower), and 厂奴谤测补办腻苍迟补 (sunstone) are other forms of gems.

Gems are hexagonal, quadrangular, or circular, possessed of dazzling glow, pure, smooth, heavy, brilliant, transparent (antargataprabha) and illuminating; such are the qualities of gems.

Faint colour, sandy layer, spots, holes, bad perforation, and scratches are the defects of gems.

Vimalaka (pure), Sasyaka (plant-like), A帽janam奴laka (deep-dark), Pittaka (like the bile of a cow), Sulabhaka (easily procurable), Lohitaka (red), Am峁泃膩峁兣泆ka (of white rays), Jyot墨rasaka (glowing), Maileyaka,^[20] Ahicchatraka (procured in the country of Ahicchatra), K奴rpa,^[21] 笔奴迟颈办奴谤辫补,^[22] and Sugandhik奴rpa,^[23] 碍峁Ｄ玶补辫补办补,^[24] 艢uktic奴r峁嘺ka (like the powder of an oyster shell), Sil膩prav膩laka (like coral), Pulaka,^[25] 艢耻办谤补辫耻濒补办补^[26] are varieties of inferior gems.

The rest are metallic beads (k膩cama峁噄).

厂补产丑腻谤腻峁ａ弓谤补办补,^[27] that which is found in the country of Sabh膩r膩峁ａ弓ra; Madhyamar膩峁ａ弓raka,^[28] that which is found in the Central Province; K膩艣maka,^[29] that which is found in the country of K膩艣maka; 艢r墨ka峁璦naka, that which is found in the vicinity of the mountain Vedotka峁璦; 惭补峁噄尘补苍taka, that which is found near the mountain 惭补峁噄尘补苍 or 惭补峁噄尘补苍ta; and Indrav膩naka^[30] are diamonds.^[31]

Mines, streams, and other miscellaneous places are their sources.

The colour of a diamond may be like that of a cat鈥檚 eye, that of the flower of 艢iri峁�a (Acacia Sirisa), the urine of a cow, the bile of a cow, like alum (蝉辫丑补峁璱办补), the flower of 惭腻濒补迟颈, or like that of any of the gems (described above).

That which is big, heavy, hard (prah膩rasaham, tolerant of hitting), regular (samako峁嘺), capable of scratching on the surface of vessels (bh膩janalekhi), refractive of light (kubhr膩mi),and brilliant is the best.

That which is devoid of angles, uneven (nira艣r墨ka), and bent on one side (p膩r艣v膩pav峁泃ta) is inauspicious.

膧濒补办补苍诲补办补,^[32] and Vaivar峁嘺ka^[33] are (the two) varieties of coral which is possessed of ruby-like colour, which is very hard, and which is free from the contamination of other substances inside.

(As to) Ghandana (sandal):

S膩tana is red and smells like the earth;^[34] Go艣墨r峁�aka is dark red and smells like fish; Haricandana is of the colour of the feathers of a parrot and smells like tamarind or mango fruit; likewise T膩r峁嘺sa;^[35] Gr膩meruka is red or dark red and smells like the urine of a goat; Daivasabheya is red and smells like a lotus flower; likewise Aupaka (闯腻辫补办补); 闯辞峁単补办补^[35] and Taur奴pa^[36] are red or dark red and soft; M膩leyaka is reddish white; Kucandana is as black as Agaru (resin of the aloe) or red or dark red and very rough; K膩laparvataka is of pleasant appearance; Ko艣膩k膩raparvataka (that which is the product of that mountain which is of the shape of a bud) is black or variegated black; 艢墨todak墨ya is black and soft, and smells like a lotus flower; N膩gaparvataka (that which is the product of Naga mountain) is rough and is possessed of the colour of Saivala (Vallisneria); and 厂腻办补濒补 is brown.

Light, soft, moist (a艣y膩na, not dry), as greasy as ghee, of pleasant smell, adhesive to the skin, of mild smell, retentive of colour and smell, tolerant of heat, absorptive of heat, and comfortable to the skin鈥攖hese are the characteristics of sandal (chandana).

(As to) Agaru (Agallochum, resin of aloe):

闯辞峁単补办补^[36] is black or variegated black and is possessed of variegated spots; Do峁噂aka is black; and P膩rasamudraka^[37] is of variegated colour and smells like cascus or like Navam膩lik膩 (jasminum).

(Agaru is) heavy, soft, greasy, smells far and long, burns slowly, gives out continuous smoke while burning, is of uniform smell, absorbs heat, and is so adhesive to the skin as not to be removable by rubbing;鈥攖hese are the characteristics of Agaru.

(As to) 罢补颈濒补辫补谤峁噄办补:

础艣辞办补驳谤腻尘颈办补,^[38] the product of A艣okagr膩ma, is of the colour of meat and smells like a lotus flower; 闯辞峁単补办补^[39] is reddish yellow and smells like a blue lotus flower or like the urine of a cow; Gr膩meruka^[39] is greasy and smells like a cow鈥檚 urine; Sauvar峁嘺ku岣峺aka,^[39] product of the country of Suvar峁嘺ku岣峺a, is reddish yellow and smells like 惭腻迟耻濒耻峁単补 (the fruit of citron tree or sweet lime); P奴r峁嘺dv墨paka,^[39] the product of the island, P奴r峁嘺dv墨pa, smells like a lotus flower or like butter; Bhadra艣r墨ya^[40] and P膩ralauhityaka^[41] are of the colour of nutmeg; Antaravatya^[42] is of the colour of cascus鈥攖he last two smell like 碍耻峁ａ弓丑补 (Costus speciosus); K膩leyaka, which is a product of 厂惫补谤峁嘺-产丑奴尘颈, gold-producing land, is yellow and greasy; and Auttara-parvataka (a product of the north mountain) is reddish yellow.

The above (fragrant substances) are commodities of superior value (厂腻谤补).

The smell of the 罢补颈濒补辫补谤峁噄办补 substances is lasting, no matter whether they are made into a paste or boiled or burnt; also it is neither changed nor affected even when mixed with other substances; and these substances resemble sandal and Agallochum in their qualities.

K膩ntan膩vaka, Praiyaka, and Auttara-parvataka are the varieties of skins.

K膩ntan膩vaka is of the colour of the neck of the peacock; Praiyaka^[43] is variegated with blue, yellow, and white spots; these two are eight 补峁単耻濒补蝉 (inches) long.

Also 叠颈蝉墨 and Mah膩bis墨 are the products of Dv膩da艣agr膩ma,^[44] twelve villages.

That which is of indistinct colour, hairy, and variegated (with spots) is (called) 叠颈蝉墨.

That which is rough and almost white is Mah膩bis墨 (great 叠颈蝉墨); these two are twelve 补峁単耻濒补蝉 long.

艢测腻尘颈办腻, 碍腻濒颈办腻, 碍补诲补濒墨, Candrottar膩, and 厂腻办耻濒腻 are (other kinds of skins) procured from Aroha^[45] (Arohaja).

艢测腻尘颈办腻 is brown and contains variegated spots; 碍腻濒颈办腻 is brown or of the colour of a pigeon; these two are eight 补峁単耻濒补蝉 long. 碍补诲补濒墨 is rough and two feet long; when 碍补诲补濒墨 bears variegated moon-like spots, it is called Candrottarakadal墨 and is one-third^[46] of its length; 艢膩kul膩 is variegated with large round spots similar to those that manifest themselves in a kind of leprosy (ku峁ａ弓ha), or is furnished with tendrils and spotted like a deer鈥檚 skin.

S膩m奴ra, C墨nas墨, and S膩m奴l墨 are (skins) procured from B膩hlava^[47] (叠腻丑濒补惫别测补).

S膩m奴ra is thirty-six 补峁単耻濒补蝉 long, and black; C墨nas墨 is reddish black or blackish white; S膩m奴l墨 is of the colour of wheat.

厂腻迟颈苍腻, Nalat奴l膩, and V峁泃tapucch膩 are the skins of aquatic animals (Audra).

厂腻迟颈苍腻 is black; Nalat奴l膩 is of the colour of the fibre of Nala, a kind of grass; and V峁泃tapucch膩 (that which possesses a round tail) is brown.

The above are the varieties of skins.

Of skins, that which is soft, smooth and hairy is the best.

Blankets made of sheep鈥檚 wool may be white, purely red, or as red as a lotus flower. They may be made of worsted threads by sewing (khacita); or may be woven of woollen threads of various colour (v膩nacitra); or may be made of different pieces (kha峁囜笉asa峁単h膩tya); or may be woven of uniform woollen threads (tantuvicchinna).

Woollen blankets are (of ten kinds):鈥�Kambala,^[48] Kauchapaka,^[49] Kulamitika,^[50] Saumitika,^[51] 罢耻谤补驳腻蝉迟补谤补峁嘺,^[52] 痴补谤峁嘺办补,^[53] Talicchaka,^[54] 痴腻谤补惫腻峁嘺,^[55] Paristoma,^[56] and Samantabhadraka.^[57]

Of these, that which is slippery (picchila) as a wet surface, possessed of fine hair, and soft, is the best.

That (blanket) which is made up of eight pieces and black in colour is called Bhi峁単is墨 used as rainproof; likewise is Apas膩raka; both are the products of Nepal.

厂补尘辫耻峁璱办腻,^[58] 颁补迟耻谤补艣谤颈办腻,^[59] 尝补尘产补谤腻,^[60] 碍补峁璦惫腻苍补办补,^[61] 笔谤腻惫补谤补办补,^[62] and Sattalik膩^[63] are (blankets made of) the wool of wild animals.

That which is manufactured in the country, 痴补峁単补 (v膩峁単aka) is a white and soft fabric (诲耻办奴濒补^[64]); that of 笔腻峁囜笉测补 manufacture (笔补耻峁囜笉谤补办补) is black and as soft as the surface of a gem; and that which is the product of the country, Suvar峁嘺ku岣峺a, is as red as the sun, as soft^[65] as the surface of the gem, woven while the threads are very wet, and of uniform (肠补迟耻谤补艣谤补) or mixed texture (vy膩mi艣rav膩na).

Single, half, double, treble and quadruple garments are varieties of the same.

The above will explain other kinds of fabrics, such as 碍腻艣颈办补, Benares products, and 碍峁�a耻尘补, which is manufactured in 笔腻峁囜笉测补 (笔补耻峁囜笉谤补办补).

M膩gadhik膩 (product of the Magadha country), Pau峁囜笉rik膩, and Sauvar峁嘺ku岣峺ak膩 are fibrous garments.

N膩gav峁沰峁�a (a species of a tree), Likuca (Artocarpus lakuca), and Vakula (Mimusops elengi), and 痴补峁璦 (Ficus indica) are the sources (of their fibres).

That of N膩gav峁沰峁�a is yellow (辫墨迟补); that of Likuca is of the colour of wheat; that of Vakula is white; and the rest is of the colour of butter.

Of these, that which is produced in the country of Suvar峁嘺ku岣峺a is the best.

The above will explain the fabrics known as kau艣eya, silk-cloth, and cinapa峁�峁璦, fabrics of China manufacture.

Of cotton fabrics, those of Madhura,^[66] of 础辫补谤腻苍迟补,^[67] western parts, of 碍补濒颈峁単补, of 碍腻艣颈, of 痴补峁単补, of Vatsa,^[68] and of 惭补丑颈峁�a^[69] are the best.

As to other kinds of gems^[70] (which are not treated of here), the superintendent shall ascertain their size, their value,^[71] species, form, utility, their treatment, the repair of old ones, any adulteration that is not easily detected, their wear and tear due to lapse of time and place, as well as remedies against those which are inauspicious (丑颈峁僺谤补).

[Thus ends Chapter XI, 鈥淓xamination of Gems that are to be entered into the Treasury,鈥� in Book II, 鈥淭he Duties of Government Superintendents鈥� of the 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of 碍补耻峁璱濒测补. End of thirty-second chapter from the beginning.]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

A river in the P膩ndya country.

[2]:

A mountain known as Malayako峁璱 in the 笔腻峁囜笉测补 country.

[3]:

A river of that name.

[4]:

A river near the village, 惭补测奴谤补, in the island of 厂颈峁僪补濒补.

[5]:

A river near the village, Murachi, in the Kerala country.

[6]:

A river in Persia (笔腻谤补蝉墨办补).

[7]:

A river failing in the sea, Barbara.

[8]:

A pool of water known as 艢r墨ghanta in a corner of the sea, Barbara.

[9]:

That which is like the grain, 罢谤颈辫耻峁璦.

[10]:

A necklace of pearls, uniform in size, with one bigger in the centre.

[11]:

The same as the last, with five bigger pearls of equal size in the centre.

[12]:

A necklace of pearls of gradually decreasing size, with one bigger in the centre.

[13]:

A necklace of pearls, all of which are of uniform size.鈥�Com.

[14]:

A necklace of pearls, with one brilliant in the centre.

[15]:

As pure Indracchanda-艣墨r峁�aka.

[16]:

As pure Indracchanda-upa艣墨r峁�aka.

[17]:

A gem set within three or five gold leaves forming its base.鈥�Com.

[18]:

These are mountains.

[19]:

The mountains, such as the Vindhya, the Vidura and that part of the Malaya which possesses the same characteristics as the Vindhya and the 厂迟谤墨谤腻箩测补, Malabar, are the sources of 痴补颈岣嵟玶测补 and other gems.鈥�Com.

[20]:

This has the colour of Asafoetida.鈥�Com.

[21]:

This contains a sandy layer inside.鈥�Com.

[22]:

Like honeycomb.鈥�Com.

[23]:

Like Phraseolus Mungo.鈥�Com.

[24]:

Like milk.鈥�Com.

[25]:

Dark in the interior.鈥�Com.

[26]:

White in the interior.鈥�Com.

[27]:

In the Vidarbha 肠辞耻苍迟谤测.鈥�Com.

[28]:

In the Kosala 肠辞耻苍迟谤测.鈥�Com.

[29]:

In the country round Benares.鈥�Com.

[30]:

In the 碍补濒颈峁単补 肠辞耻苍迟谤测.鈥�Com.

[31]:

Magadha, 碍补濒颈峁単补, 艢奴rpaka, Jaladayasa, Paundraka, Barbara, Tripura, the mountains such as Sahya and Vindhya, Benares, the mountain of Vedotka峁璦, the country of Kosala and Vidarbha are the places where diamond mines are situated.鈥�Com.

[32]:

Obtained in the mouth of the river of Barbara.鈥�Com.

[33]:

痴颈惫补谤峁嘺 is the name of ocean near the island of Yavanas.鈥�Com.

[34]:

Like the smell of the earth when rain water falls upon it.鈥�Com.

[35]:

This is of the colour of the feathers of a parrot and of sour smell.鈥�Com.

[36]:

These are the products of the country of 碍腻尘补谤奴辫补, Assam.鈥�Com.

[37]:

Obtained in the country of 碍腻尘补谤奴辫补.鈥�Com.

[38]:

Available in the island of 厂颈峁僪补濒补 (Ceylon).鈥�Com.

[39]:

All these are the products of 碍腻尘补谤奴辫补, Assam.鈥�Com.

[40]:

Different commentators have assigned different meanings to the word; some take it for camphor, some for Takkola, some for 艢r墨va艣a, and others for red sandal (Rakta-chandana), and so on.鈥�Com.

[41]:

Called after its native land, Lauhitya in 碍腻尘补谤奴辫补.鈥�Com.

[42]:

This is produced on the bank of the river Antharvati in 碍腻尘补谤奴辫补.鈥�Com.

[43]:

It is of four kinds: blue, yellow, white and spotted.鈥�Com.

[44]:

The twelve villages are situated on the Himalayas and inhabited by Mlecchas.鈥�Com.

[45]:

Aroha is the name of a place on the 贬颈尘腻濒补测补蝉.鈥�Com.

[46]:

Some say it is eight 补峁単耻濒补蝉 long.鈥�Com.

[47]:

The name of a country on the borders of the 贬颈尘腻濒补测补蝉.鈥�Com.

[48]:

A coarse blanket.鈥�Com.

[49]:

Kucelaka (so reads the commentator) is what is usually worn by cowherds.鈥�Com.

[50]:

Kathamitika (so reads the commentator) is head dress.鈥�Com.

[51]:

A covering put over the hustings spread on the back of a bullock鈥�Com.

[52]:

Hustings spread on the back of a horse.鈥�Com.

[53]:

痴补谤峁嘺 kambali (commentator鈥檚 reading) is a coloured blanket.鈥�Com.

[54]:

A blanket or a bedsheet.鈥�Com.

[55]:

A coat.鈥�Com.

[56]:

A large blanket or hustings.鈥�Com.

[57]:

Hustings spread on the back of an elephant.鈥�Com.

[58]:

Trousers (ja峁単hatr膩峁嘺).鈥�Com.

[59]:

A (rectangular) blanket devoid of any special colour on the borders and measuring nine 补峁単耻濒补蝉.鈥�Com.

[60]:

A curtain or wrapper (pracchadapa峁璦).鈥�Com.

[61]:

The same as the last, but made of coarse threads.鈥�Com.

[62]:

A variety of the last.鈥�Com.

[63]:

A carpet.鈥�Com.

[64]:

Duk奴la is a fine fabric and 碍峁�a耻尘补 is a little coarse.鈥擟om.

[65]:

It is rubbed with a gem and smoothened while being woven.鈥�Com.

[66]:

Southern Madhura.鈥�Com.

[67]:

That is the country of Ko峁卥a峁嘺.鈥�Com.

[68]:

That is, the city of Kaus膩mbi.鈥�Com.

[69]:

The country called M膩hi峁�mati.鈥�Com.

[70]:

In 艣loka-metre.

[71]:

For example, two palas in terms of rice of a diamond is worth 2,00,000.鈥�Com.