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Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for 鈥淪ino-Indian roots of "chemeia" and "chumeia" in Greek for alchemy.鈥�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Drug:
Drug refers to a substance taken for medicinal purposes, often believed to confer vitality or longevity. In the context of the text, drugs like Ephedra and red-gold are presented as ancient remedies that served not only as healing agents but also as components in al chemical processes aimed at improving human life and prolonging existence.

2) Substance:
Substance describes a particular matter or form of material, with distinct properties. In the alchemical context, substances such as gold and herbal extracts are central to the processes of transformation described. They serve as the basis for concocting elixirs or remedies essential for achieving desired outcomes like longevity or rejuvenation.

3) Blood:
Blood symbolizes life and vitality in various cultural contexts. In the text, it represents the soul's essence and is linked to the idea that redness equates to life force, thereby forming a basis for understanding why red-colored drugs are favored for achieving longevity. The belief connects the physiology of blood to alchemical practices.

4) Rasayana (Rasa-ayana, Ras膩yana, R膩s膩yana):
Rasayana is a concept in Indian medicine referring to rejuvenation and longevity therapies. The term encapsulates practices and substances believed to enhance vitality and extend life. In the text, it is directly compared to Chumeia, emphasizing its role as a transformative medicinal art inherently linked to alchemical traditions.

5) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses the science and practice of healing through remedies and therapeutic processes. In the text, it ties into alchemical practices that seek to synthesize substances for health benefits, using herbal and mineral compositions believed to enhance the human condition. The narrative places high importance on ancient medicinal wisdom.

6) Cina (C墨na, C墨n膩, Ci峁塧, Ci峁壞�, C墨峁壞�, Cin膩):
China is depicted as a significant source of early alchemical knowledge and practices, with cultural elements like the god of longevity and herbal traditions shaping the understanding of alchemy. The text elaborates on how substances like peach and red-gold emerged from Chinese tradition, influencing subsequent beliefs in longevity.

7) Soma (Som膩):
Soma refers to an ancient medicinal concoction found in Indo-Iranian culture, symbolizing vitality and health. The text highlights its role as an anti-fatigue tonic used by early Aryans and its evolutionary association with alchemical practices, thus representing a bridge between cultural traditions and medicinal arts in achieving rejuvenation.

8) Water:
Water is often considered a vital element in various medicinal and alchemical processes, symbolizing purification and life. In the discussion, 'divine water' hints at its potential to convey life-giving properties, acting as a solvent or medium to facilitate transformations essential in alchemical practices aimed at longevity.

9) Science (Scientific):
Scientific relates to structured methodologies of inquiry and empirical approaches to understanding natural phenomena. The text integrates this notion into alchemy by illustrating how systematic principles underlie ancient practices aimed at transforming substances, revealing the scientific thought that echoes within what is often considered mystical or esoteric knowledge.

10) Bhasma (Bhasman):
Bhasma refers to a form of calcined metal used in Ayurvedic medicine, believed to possess potent healing properties. The text mentions Bhasmas as a legacy of ancient alchemy鈥攖he transition from base metals to therapeutic metals exemplifying the transformation inherent in alchemical practices that continue to influence modern medicinal formulations.

11) Milk:
Milk is often associated with nourishment and life in many cultures. In the alchemical context, it serves as a medium that combines with other substances, metaphorically representing purity and the nurturing aspects of life. The text suggests a synergy of milk with other elements to enhance health and longevity.

12) Discussion:
Discussion indicates an exchange of ideas and analysis, crucial for developing understanding. In the context of the article, it signifies a structured approach to unraveling the complex history of alchemy, allowing for the critical examination of its principles, substances, and traditions while revealing essential connections to medicinal practices.

13) Makara (Mak膩ra, M膩kara, M膩k膩ra):
Makara denotes a mythological creature in Indian tradition that symbolizes fertility and perseverance. In the alchemical context, Makaradhvaja (associated with Makara) refers to an advanced alchemical preparation, embodying principles of longevity and rebirth. This signifies the synthesis of mythology and science within traditional practices aimed at achieving health.

14) Caraka (C膩raka, C膩r膩ka):
Caraka refers to a revered figure in Ayurvedic medicine, often attributed to foundational texts that compile medicinal knowledge. In the text, Caraka鈥檚 acknowledgment of Soma illustrates the continuity of medicinal wisdom and the cultural importance of herbal drugs, situating ancient practices within the broader context of alchemical healing traditions.

15) Rasa (Ras膩, Rasha):
Rasa translates to 'juice' or 'essence,' typically referring to the therapeutic element in herbal formulations. In the analysis, Rasa is essential for understanding the relationship between substances used in alchemy and their medicinal properties. It highlights the perceived link between physical substances and their transformative effects on health.

16) Fish:
Fish is often a symbol of fertility and abundance in various cultures. In the text, it represents the dual nature of the Makara, which is associated with fertility. This connection serves to illustrate how alchemical practices encompass a wide range of natural elements believed to promote longevity and vitality.

17) Terminalia chebula:
Terminalia chebula, commonly known as Haritaki, is a medicinal plant esteemed in traditional medicine for its various health benefits. The text mentions it as a key herbal component in the process of creating red gold, illustrating the significance of natural ingredients in the alchemical transformations central to promoting wellness.

18) Food supply:
Food supply highlights the fundamental need for sustenance in human survival, reflecting the early contexts of medicine and longevity. The text emphasizes how resource scarcity led to the evolution of medicinal practices, with alchemy becoming a response to enhance longevity through available natural substances found within limited food supplies.

19) Human life:
Human life encompasses the biological and philosophical aspects of existence, particularly concerning health and longevity. In the context of alchemy, the ultimate goal is to enhance and prolong human life, tying together various practices and beliefs that seek to understand and manipulate the forces of nature to extend vitality.

20) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transform signifies the act of changing something into a different state or form. In alchemical philosophy, transforming base metals into gold and concocting longevity drugs represents the broader themes of renewal and rejuvenation, which permeate the practices discussed and directly reflect the quest for improving human life.

21) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulate denotes the process of gathering or amassing substances or knowledge over time. In this context, it reflects the ongoing search for wisdom in alchemical practices, where the synthesis of various components鈥攂e it minerals, herbs, or knowledge鈥攃ulminates in creating effective drugs and understanding broader medicinal principles.

22) Knowledge:
Knowledge represents understanding and awareness curated through experience, learning, and inquiry. The text emphasizes that the evolution of alchemical practices is deeply rooted in the knowledge preserved and transmitted through cultures, highlighting how ancient wisdom informs modern medical and alchemical understanding and practices.

23) Svarna (Svar峁嘺, Svar峁嚹�):
Svarna is a Sanskrit word meaning 'gold', which is often linked with purity and the highest material value. In the alchemical context, it serves as a goal for practitioners who sought to create not merely gold but gold imbued with medicinal properties, reiterating the symbolic connection between wealth and health.

24) Curd:
Curd, or fermented milk, symbolizes transformation and nourishment in many cultures. In Ayurveda, it signifies the process of deriving beneficial substances from natural origins. Within the text, curd is used metaphorically to describe the transformation of basic ingredients into more potent substances, paralleling alchemical practices aimed at health.