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A study of the philosophy of Jainism

by Deepa Baruah | 2017 | 46,858 words

This page describes the Two sects of Jainism (Shvetambara and Digambara) from the study of the philosophy of Jainism: one of the oldest religions in India having its own metaphysics, philosophy and ethics. Jainism is regarded as an ethical system where non-violence features as an important ethical value.

Chapter I.d - Two sects of Jainism (Ś峾 and Digambara)

The Ś峾 and the Digambara are the two sects of the Jainas. They are again sub-divided into three sub-sects. The sub-division of Ś峾s is: ūپūᲹ첹, ٳԲ첹ī, and Terāpanthī. Bīsapanthī, Terahapanthī, and Tāraṇapanthī are the sub-divisions of Digamgbaras. Among them, ūپūᲹ첹s are those who worship images of īٳṅk etc. ٳԲ첹īs and Terāpanthīs are non-worshipper. Bīsapanthīs and Terahapanthīs are the believers of the idolworship, but Bīsapanthīs use fruits, flowers etc., while Terahapanthīs use lifeless articles for the same. Tāraṇapanthīs worship scriptures in place of images.

There is no fundamental difference of doctrines between the two divisions. Both the sects have same religious and philosophical beliefs and practically the same mythology. However, some minor differences have been seen even amongst these sub-divisions. The differences were only on some minor details of Jaina religious faiths and practices. The teachings of the jinas are accepted by both the sects. The monks belonging to the Ś峾 group wear white clothes and Digambara group wear no clothes. The literal meaning of the word Ś峾 is white–clad, whereas Digambara is sky-clad. The following are the main points of differences among them:

1. Two sects have different opinions regarding the food of the 𱹲ī (omniscient). The Digambarasmaintain that a 𱹲ī does not need any intake of food, while the Ś峾sthink that they do. However, this point has no practical value and is only academic, for both the sects are unanimous that nobody is going to become a 𱹲ī in the foreseeable future.

2. Another difference between the two sects is that the Digambarasthink that all Jainaascetics should follow the example of Ѳ屹ī and remain nude, while the Ś峾s think that the practice of remaining nude known as jinakalpa was given up by the great teachers of the church within a few generations after Ѳ屹ī and they had started wearing white garments. This practice was known as sthavirakalpa. The present-day ascetics according to the Ś峾s need follow only these great teachers (sthaviras), and it is not necessary to practices the jinakalpa.

3. The Digambara group believes that women cannot obtain liberation but the Ś峾 do not believe in it.

4. The Ś峾s believe that ʳṣp岹Գٲ, who was the ninth īٳṅk, had a dolphin as a symbol but the Digambaras think that it was the crab.

5. The Ś峾s believe Malli, the nineteenth īٳṅk, was a woman. The Digambaras believe that as it was not possible for a woman to become a īٳṅk, so Malli was a male.

6. The Ś峾s hold that there were originally two kind of sacred books, viz., the fourteen ū and the twelve ṅg. While the canonical literature of the Digambaras is divided into two groups, viz., ṅgṣṭ and ṅgⲹ.

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