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A Comparative study of the references to Musical Instruments in Sanskrit and other sources 4.1 Musical Instruments outside India 228 Music and Musical instruments have played a vital role in the history and of civilization of every nation. In the Bible, the instruments are divided into three categories such as percussion, wind and stringed. Raise a song; strike the Timbrel, the sweet sounding Lyre with the Harp. Blow the Trumpet at the new Moon. Psalms 81-2 Psalms 81-3 Meanwhile, David and all the house of Israel were celebrating before the Lord with all kinds of instruments made of firewood and with lyres, harps, tambourines, castanets and cymbals. Psalms 6-5 According to Swami Prajnananda, in his book 'A Historical study of Indian Music' the most common percussion instrument in the West was a kind of hand-drum called the Toph, Tabret or Timbrel, formed of a frame of wood, with a piece of skin, stretched over it. The Mesiltraim and Selselim, which were made of brass, were used mainly for religious and magical purposes. Other instruments such as Plectrum, Cymbals, Kettledrums and castanets were also in vogue.

229 In ancient Babylon and Assyria, percussion instruments like drums, Sumerian Ala and Semitic Ala were in vogue. In early America, the most important musical instruments of the early Native Americans were, the drum. The Drum varied in shape from the Eskimo Tambourine like hoop with taut-skin, great or small, to snake-skin drum played in the worship of Aztec War-God. The Teponaztli of the Aztecs was a peculiar nature drum, which would produce rich round of several octaves. 'Musical Instruments of the World', an illustrated Encyclopedia mentions instruments of the Orchestra at different periods. The basis of small Baroque Orchestra was the String group. Oboes and Bassoons appeared regularly while Trumpets, Timpani and Horns were used only sparingly. The typical classical Orchestra had a large string group and also consisted of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets and timpani. The Romantic Orchestra included enlarged string, wind and brass groups and new instruments like the Tuba, Harp and Celeste. Dr.B.C.Deva in his popular book titled 'Musical Instruments of India' explains that Legend has it that Baba Sawandik, the Indian, played the Kettledrum called the Kus in the war of prophet. The kettledrum had several types. The ordinary mounted Kettledrum was Tabl al-markab or Dabdab. Kus, Qasa and Kurka were other varieties of the Kettledrum. Naqqara is a West-Asian word corresponds to Nagara. The 'Naqqar Khana' music group is very famous of Emperor Akbar, and Ain-i-Akbari mentions it as having twenty pairs of Naqqaras.

230 Farmer in his book titled 'Meccan Musical Instruments' published by the Adyar Library says that Persian culture had its own contribution to various musical instruments. The General name for Tambourine is Duff which was a favorite instrument of women. It has two types rectangular and round. Round form of Tambourine without any jingles is the only one approved by the Prophet. The round Tambourine with jingles was known as Tar. Ladies, at festivities, along with another tambourine called Tabla, popularly used tar. Csanun was another drum akin to Tabla. Darabukka, Darbuka and Kabir Dirbakki were other names for Tabla. Kabr was another percussion instrument that was widely used. Martial instruments were also prevalent in the Arabian culture. They made use of a Kettledrum called Naqqara. This drum was used for religious purposes also according to Islam.