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This appendix is intended to provide complete information regarding the twenty-four 驰补办峁�a蝉 and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹玸 in Jainism. 驰补办峁�a蝉 and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹玸 played an important role in Jainism, though Jains mainly worship idols of the Jainas or T墨rtha峁卥ars. In the early religious traditions of India, the 驰补办峁�a蝉 along with other gods came to be identified as the 'creatures of wild and forest'. In Jainism, they were introduced as the guardians of the Jainas, also known as 艣腻蝉补苍补诲别惫补迟腻蝉, 鈥榞uardian鈥檚 angels' and 'protectors of the Jainism'. They were regarded to be belonging to a class of semi-gods or supernatural beings. All the twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补蝉 were said to be protected by a pair of 驰补办峁�a and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹� and the Jains even now offer them elaborate worship for boons, blessings and protection.

Basically 驰补办峁�a cult was a relic of non-Aryan worship. According to Fergusson, 鈥�Tree and serpent worship i.e. the worship of 驰补办峁�a蝉 and 狈腻驳补蝉, powers of fertility and rainfall, was the primitive faith of the aboriginal casteless D膩syus who inhabited Northern India before the advent of the 膧ryans鈥�^[1]. A.K. Coomaraswamy also opines on the basis of the discoveries found from the Indus valley civilization that the worship of deities like 驰补办峁�a蝉 and 狈腻驳补蝉 was very much prevalent in the indigenous non-膧ryan people in India^[2]. In Indian Jain sculptural tradition, they are also known as attendant deities to the 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补蝉. Very often they are not distinguished from Devas and 顿别惫补迟腻蝉 which is clearly experienced by their worship in their temples. According to the Jain faith, Indra appoints one 驰补办峁�a-驰补办峁�i峁嚹� couple to serve as attendants to each 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 In pictorial or sculptural representations a 驰补办峁�a would usually be depicted on the right side of the Jain and a 驰补办峁�i峁嚹� on his left side. Thus, they also came to be called 艢腻蝉补苍补-诲别惫补迟腻蝉, attendant spirits^[3] or guardian angels of the Jainas.

It would be difficult to believe that 驰补办峁�a蝉 worship had suddenly originated in Jain pantheistic practices. According to Hindu sources, the 驰补办峁�a and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹� worship was very much prevalent in India even before the 膧ryans had settled here. They were generally spoken of a Pu峁噛ajanas (good folk) and appeared to be countless. The Buddhists regarded them as 'fallen angels'.

Thus, the Jainas, like Hindus and Buddhists, admitted them into their pantheon of gods and goddesses and gave them a special place in their ritualistic order. In the beginning, they were not given that high position, but in the due course of time, during the post Gupta period, the prestige of 驰补办峁�a蝉 and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹玸 were gradually high and the followers of Jainism pay their respect to these 驰补办峁�a蝉 and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹玸 for having them provided protection to 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补蝉. As a result of these, they are found around the images of Jinas as well as their individual images in many Jain temples. Usually they are found in pair around the idols of Jinas as male (驰补办峁�a) and female (驰补办峁�i峁嚹�) guardian deities. In earlier periods, they were regarded mainly as devotees of Jina, and have supernatural powers. Over time, people started worshiping these deities as well. Some sections of Jains looked at 驰补办峁�a蝉 and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹玸 for the immediate returns, and gave them the places in their temples.

By about the eighth-ninth century under the indirect influence of esoterism that was flourishing in Buddhism and elsewhere, Jainism felt inclined in figuring separate entities of 艣腻蝉补苍补诲别惫补迟腻蝉, shaking off their attachment to Jain figures through miniature representations at the sides or on the pedestals found equal favor with the artists throughout, in the all the parts of Indian subcontinent. Individual shrines were built for worship 驰补办峁�a蝉 and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹玸.

The earliest 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 image having 驰补办峁�a蝉-驰补办峁�i峁嚹玸 figures has been found from Akota which is dated in C. 550 C.E.^[4]. A separate 础尘产颈办腻 image belonging to the sixth century CE is also discovered from Akota hoard. The earliest 驰补办峁�a and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹� pair carved in Jain sculpture was Gomedha and 础尘产颈办腻. Next comes the figure of 顿丑补谤补峁噀苍诲谤补 and 笔补诲尘腻惫补迟墨, the 驰补办峁�a and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹� pair of P膩艣van膩tha. The Jain pantheon slowly developed around the twenty four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补蝉 who constitute the principal objects of worship^[5].

Though 驰补办峁�a蝉 and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹玸 figures were accepted by the Jinas and they regularly worshipped them as guardian deities of twenty four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 images, however, according to some scholars these images not directly associated with Jainism. In this connection we can recall the comments of B. C. Bhattaclrarya, that 鈥榯hese demigods do not represent purely Jain elements鈥� in Jainism. 鈥楾he names of some of the 驰补办峁�a蝉 and 艣腻蝉补苍补诲别惫补迟腻蝉 betray unmistakable identity with those of Hindu deities while the symbols connected with them are also of those of the latter class鈥�^[6].

Walther Schubring also held similar views on the subject. According to him, 鈥榓n Arhat is far beyond the reach of human affairs. Being in the state of pure cognition and without both sentiment and will, he cannot bestow grace and favour unto those who appeal to him鈥�. 鈥楬indu influence,鈥� he adds, 鈥榮eems to have been at work in placing at his [Arhat's or Jina's] side two adjutants, one male (驰补办峁�a) and one female (驰补办峁�i峁嚹�)鈥�and it is these two that take care of a devout suppliant. That on a large scale, Hindu mythology was adopted by the Jains and brought in accord with their own principles is a fact known too well to be treated here in detail鈥�^[7].

In the present study, it is observed that though the depiction of 驰补办峁�a-驰补办峁�i峁嚹� couple in association with the 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 images is a common style however, this style not frequently accepted by the artisan of this area. Only two 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 images i.e. 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image from Sitalpur and Punchra, are reported from the present study area where we can notice the depiction of 驰补办峁�a and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹� couple at the both the ends of the pedestal. However, in some cases only 驰补办峁�i峁嚹� images is engraved in the center of the pedestal. Whereas in 笔腻谤艣惫补苍腻迟丑补 images from the study area 顿丑补谤补峁噀苍诲谤补 and Padm膩vati i.e. the 驰补办峁�a and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹� of the 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 are most of the time depicted as protector of the Jina and also in depicted as 苍腻驳补 couple with their inter-coiled tails springs gracefully almost rhythmically from the centre projection of the pedestal just below the feet of the Jina. 驰补办峁�i峁嚹� 础尘产颈办腻 was very popular in the present study area and a good number of images of 驰补办峁�i峁嚹� 础尘产颈办腻 were documented and described in the forgoing pages.

A brief list along with pictorial view of the twenty four Jain 驰补办峁�a and 驰补办峁�i峁嚹� are given below:

Iconographic details of twenty four 驰补办峁�a蝉:

Sl. No.	Name of the 驰补办峁�a蝉	Vehicle	Total Hands	Left Hand Attributes	Right Hand Attributes	Colour
1	Gomukha	Bull or Elephant	4	Varada 尘耻诲谤腻 and Rosary	笔腻艣补 and 笔补谤补艣耻	Golden
2	惭补丑腻测补办峁�a	Elephant	8	Disc, trident, Goad, lotus	Sword, staff, axe, and Varada 尘耻诲谤腻	Dark
3	Trimukha	Peacock	6	Disc, Sword, 艢峁涐箛颈 (Goad)	Staff, trident and dagger	Dark
4	驰补办峁�e艣惫补谤补 (Dig.) 狈腻测补办补 (艢惫迟.)	Elephant	4	Bow, Shield	Sword	Black
5	Tumburu	Garuda	4	Snake and Snake	Fruit and Varada 尘耻诲谤腻	White
6	Kusuma	Antelope	4	Lance and Varada 尘耻诲谤腻	Shield, abhaya-尘耻诲谤腻	Nila
7	Varanandin (Dig.) 惭腻迟补峁単补(艢惫迟.)	Lion	4	Staff and spear	Swastika and flag	Dark
8	Vijaya	Swan	4	Fruit and rosary	Axe and Varada 尘耻诲谤腻	Green
9	Ajita	Toroise	4	Sakti and Varada 尘耻诲谤腻	Fruit and rosary	White
10	叠谤补丑尘腻	A chariot carried by black hogs	6	Bow, 诲补峁囜笉补 and 办丑别峁璦办补	Arrow, sword, Varada 尘耻诲谤腻,	White
11	驰补办峁�e迟补	Bull	4	Trident, Staff	Rosary, fruit	White
12	碍耻尘腻谤补	Swan	4	Bow and mongoose	Club, arrow	White
13	Caturmukha (Dig.) 峁�a峁噈耻办丑补 (艢惫迟.)	Peacock	12	Mongoose, disc, bow, shield, cloth and abhaya尘耻诲谤腻	Fruit, disc, arrow, sword, noose and a rosary	White
14	笔腻迟腻濒补	Dolphin	6	Mongoose, shield and a rosary	Lotus, sword and noose	Red
15	Kinnara	Tortoise	6	Mongoose, lotus and a rosary	Club, citron and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	Red
16	Ki峁僷ura峁�a (Dig.) 骋补谤耻岣峚 (艢惫迟.)	Boar	4	Mongoose and rosary	Citron and lotus	Black
17	Gandharva	Swan	4	Citron and a goad	Noose and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	Dark
18	Khendra (Dig.) Yak峁�p膩vat墨 (艢惫迟.)	Sankha	12	Mongoose, bow, shield, trident, goad, and a rosary	Citron, arrow, sword, hammer, noose and abhaya-尘耻诲谤腻	Blue
19	Kubera	Elephant	8	Citron, spear, club and a rosary	Bow, trident, axe and abhaya-尘耻诲谤腻	Rainbow
20	痴补谤耻峁嘺	Bull	8	Mongoose, a rosary, a bow and axe	Citron, a club arrow and a spear	White
21	叠丑峁沰耻峁���	Bull	8	Mongoose, axe, thunderbolt and a rosary	Citron, a spear, a hammer and abhaya-尘耻诲谤腻	Gold
22	Gomedha	Man	6	Mongoose, trident and spear	Citron, axe and disc	Dark
23	顿丑补谤补峁噀苍诲谤补	Tortoise	4	Snake and mongoose	Citron and Snake	Dark
24	惭腻迟补峁単补	Elephant	2	Mongoose	Citron	Black

Iconographic details of twenty four 驰补办峁�i峁嚹玸:

Sl. No.	Name of the 驰补办峁�i峁嚹玸	Vehicle	Total Hands	Left Hand Attributes	Right Hand Attributes	Colour
1	颁补办谤别艣惫补谤墨	骋补谤耻岣峚	8	Bow, thunderbolt, disc and goad.	Varada-尘耻诲谤腻, arrow, disc and noose	Golden
2	础箩颈迟补产补濒腻 or 搁辞丑颈峁嚹�	Loh膩sana (iron seat)	4	Varada-尘耻诲谤腻 and abhaya-尘耻诲谤腻	Citron and a goad	Golden
3	顿耻谤颈迟腻谤墨 or 笔谤补箩帽补辫迟颈	Ram	4	Fruit and abhaya-尘耻诲谤腻	Rosary and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	-
4	碍腻濒颈办腻 or Vajra- 艢峁涐箖khal膩	Swan	4	Snake and a goad	Noose and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	Dark
5	笔耻谤耻峁�a诲补迟迟补 or 惭补丑腻办腻濒墨	Lotus seat	4	Citron and a goad	Noose and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	Golden
6	础肠测耻迟腻 or 艢测腻尘腻 惭补苍辞惫别驳腻	Man or Horse	4	Bow and abhaya-尘耻诲谤腻	Noose and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	-
7	艢腻苍迟腻 or 碍腻濒墨	Elephant or Bull	4	Trident and abhaya-尘耻诲谤腻	Rosary and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	Gold
8	闯惫腻濒腻尘腻濒颈苍墨 or 叠丑峁沰耻峁���	Cat	4	Axe and Shield	Sword, hammer	Yellow
9	厂耻迟腻谤腻 or 惭补丑腻办腻濒墨	Bull	4	Pitcher and goad	Rosary and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	White
10	础艣辞办腻 or 惭腻苍补惫墨	Cloud	4	Fruit and goad	Noose and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	Green
11	骋补耻谤墨 or 惭腻苍补惫墨	Lion	4	Thunderbolt and goad	Hammer and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	-
12	颁补峁囜笉腻 or 骋腻苍诲丑腻谤颈	Horse	4	Club and flower	Spear and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	Dark
13	痴颈诲颈迟腻 or 痴补颈谤辞峁璱	Lotus seat	4	Snake and bow	Arrow and noose	Yellow
14	础峁僰耻艣腻 or 础苍补苍迟补尘补迟墨	Lotus seat	4	Shield and goad	Sword and noose	-
15	碍补苍诲补谤辫腻 or 惭腻苍补蝉墨	Fish	4	Lotus and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	Goad and blue Lotus	-
16	惭补丑腻尘腻苍补蝉墨 or 狈颈谤惫腻峁嚹�	Lotus seat	4	Water jar and blue lotus	Book and blue lotus	-
17	痴颈箩补测腻 or 叠补濒腻	Peacock	4	Round club and lotus	Trident and citron	-
18	罢腻谤腻 or 顿丑腻谤补峁嚹�	Lotus seat	4	Red lotus and rosary	Citron and blue lotus	Blue
19	础辫补谤腻箩颈迟腻 or 痴补颈谤辞峁璱	Lotus seat	4	Citron and rosary	Rosary and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	Black
20	叠补丑耻谤奴辫颈峁嚹� or 狈补谤补诲补迟迟腻	Lotus seat	4	Citron and trident	Rosary and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	-
21	颁腻尘耻峁囜笉腻 or 骋腻苍诲丑腻谤颈	Swan	4	Citron	Sword and varada-尘耻诲谤腻	-
22	础尘产颈办腻 or 膧尘谤腻 or Kusm膩峁囜笉墨	Lion	4	A boy and a goad	Bunch of mangoes and noose	Golden
23	笔补诲尘腻惫补迟墨	Snake	4,6,8,24	Fruit and goad	Lotus and noose	Golden
24	厂颈诲诲丑腻测颈办腻	Lion	4	Citron and a lute	Book and abhaya-尘耻诲谤腻	Green

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Fergusson 1868: 244

[2]:

Coomaraswamy 1980/ I: 2

[3]:

Gupta 1972: 176

[4]:

Shah 1987: 213

[5]:

Sivaramamurti 1983: 25

[6]:

Bhattacharya 1974:65.

[7]:

Schubring 1962:16-17