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Jain Remains of Ancient Bengal

by Shubha Majumder | 2017 | 147,217 words

This page relates ‘Dikpalas type of Mahavira Sculpture� of the study on the Jain Remains of Ancient Bengal based on the fields of Geography, Archaeology, Art and Iconography. Jainism represents a way of life incorporating non-violence and approaches religion from humanitarian viewpoint. Ancient Bengal comprises modern West Bengal and the Republic of Bangladesh, Eastern India. Here, Jainism was allowed to flourish from the pre-Christian times up until the 10th century CE, along with Buddhism.

¶Ù¾±°ì±èÄå±ô²¹²õ type of ²Ñ²¹³óÄ屹ī°ù²¹ Sculpture

[Full title: °ÕÄ«°ù³Ù³ó²¹á¹…k²¹°ù²¹ ²Ñ²¹³óÄ屹ī°ù²¹ (5): ¶Ù¾±°ì±èÄå±ô²¹²õ type of ²Ñ²¹³óÄ屹ī°ù²¹ Sculpture]

An unique and exceptional image of °ÕÄ«°ù³Ù³ó²¹á¹…k²¹°ù²¹ ²Ñ²¹³óÄ屹ī°ù²¹ (Pl.XXXV.B) from Palma, Purulia District of West Bengal, now housed in the collections of Museum of Indian Art, Berlin (Grünwedel 1909: 56-7; Picron 1998: 100; Mevissen 2001:15).

The uniqueness of this image is the presence of eight ¶Ù¾±°ì±èÄå±ô²¹²õ on the rectangular back-slab of this Jina. In this image ³¾Å«±ô²¹-²ÔÄå²â²¹°ì²¹ stnding in the °ìÄå²â´Ç³Ù²õ²¹°ù²µ²¹ posture on a double-petalled lotus-pedestal placed on a sapta-ratha pedestal. The lion ±ôÄåñ³¦³ó²¹²Ô²¹ of the °ÕÄ«°ù³Ù³ó²¹á¹…k²¹°ù²¹ is neatly carved in the central projection of the pedestal, while two crouching lions occupy the adjoining rathas. Jina is attended by two male ³¦²¹³Ü°ùÄ« bearers wearing lower garments and different ornaments. They stand in Äå²ú³ó²¹á¹…g²¹ posture on pedestals and their left hands are in °ì²¹á¹­yÄå±¹²¹±ô²¹³¾²ú¾±³Ù²¹ posture while the right hands hold fly-whisks. Three human devotees kneel behind these servants, offering their worship to the Jina. The ³¾Å«±ô²¹-²ÔÄå²â²¹°ì²¹ obviously devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated ear-lobes which are partially damaged and the matted locks of hair has a pronounced ³Üṣṇ¾±á¹£a. The hands of the Jina simply hang down. An ovoidal ±è°ù²¹²ú³óÄå is embellished with beads and flame-tongued border devices and has a flowering twig on its either side. Above the Å›¾±°ù²¹Å›³¦²¹°ì°ù²¹ is the depiction of a tri-linear chatra flanked by two ±¹¾±»å²âÄå»å³ó²¹°ù²¹²õ holding long garlands besides the divine hands playing on the drum and cymbals. The back throne of the image consists of posts decorated with mouldings and criss-cross scratched pilasters, supporting a horizontal cross-bar with lightly incised square rhizomes at its ends, above which there are triangular fleurons.

On the projected part of the back-slab there are eight ¶Ù¾±°ì±èÄå±ô²¹²õ, recognizable through their respective vehicles, arranged in a vertical row of four on either side of the Jina. On the proper right side of the Jina, from bottom to top we can identify: Kubera (north) pot-bellied and offering perhaps a fruit in the lower left hand, ³Õ²¹°ù³Üṇa (west) seated on a makara and protected by a triple snake-hood, Yama (south) riding the buffalo and presenting the club or »å²¹á¹‡á¸²¹ in the right hand and Indra (east) riding the elephant with perhaps the vajra in the raised hand. Facing them, we see: ĪśÄå²Ô²¹ (northeast) on the bull, armed with the ³Ù°ù¾±Å›Å«±ô²¹, ³ÕÄå²â³Ü (north-west) on the deer, holding the banner in the left hand, Nirá¹›ti (south-west) armed with a club-like object and seated astride an animal which could be a dog or a donkey, Agni (south-east) on the ram and surrounded by flames. The image measures 92 x 43.5 x 14 cm.

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