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Self study Manuals and Guides There has been serious effort in Kerala for the propagation of Sanskrit by various informal agencies both individuals and groups. A number of manuals and guides were written in Sanskrit, English and Malayalam for this purpose. They are intended for self study and introduce Sanskrit in a simple manner. A person having general education can read these books and by the occasional help of people who know Sanskrit can develop his understanding in that language. The above publications could be grouped into three according to their medium of instruction. Some books use Malayalam some others use English and some of them use Sanskrit as medium of instruction.

266 Sanskrit self study in Malayalam medium Samskrtabhasa Written and published by Sri Kanippayyur Sankaran Namputiripad in 1921, these series of books is the oldest well planned Sanskrit Malayalam graded self study material available now. He decided to write a text book which may be useful to teach the children of his own house. He was assisted in this by Karuthedath Krishnan a well known Sanskrit scholar of that time. This work was later printed and published by Kanippayyur Sankaran Namputirippad in two volumes and later the book was published in three volumes with some additions made by the author by Kannippayyur Smaraka Grantasala after 25 years. A glossary in English was appended to the first part but it has been omitted in the later editions. Thonallur Madhavavarier and Prof. Vijayanunni master of Sree Krishna College revised the second part and third part with some modifications. 12 By the help of these three books one could learn Sanskrit language and better his understanding of Sanskrit. The books contain a brief description of Sanskrit language, a detailed lesson of alphabets, Vibhakti, Prathyayas and the lingas and various declension of verbs. In addition to grammar lessons the first part contains subhasitas on vidya, upadesamala and Sanskrit proverbs. The second part also contains subhasitas and verses from Hitopatesa etc in addition to the regular lessons in grammar.

267 The third part contains the grammatical portions, the Vrtta, Alankara and short essays on a variety of topics both traditional and modern. A student gets good knowledge about the nature of Sanskrit prose from these essays. The work of Kanippayyur may considered as representing a new stage in the study of Sanskrit language in Kerala which uses the print media and the textual method based on translation. Students and readers accepted this new experiment and there were many editions of this book. Similar books were produced by Sanskrit teachers and scholars all over Kerala. Samskrta Dipika Samskritadipika written by K.S. Parameswara Sastri and published by swami Swaprabhananda during the 1930's, upholds the modernising trend of Sanskrit education. The author states that this book is written with the objective that all could get knowledge in Sanskrit in an easy 13 manner. People generally felt difficulty with the old methods of Sanskrit learning. The adult people who wanted to learn the language could not learn the grammatical rules and forms by heart and the strict grammatical rules of classical Sanskrit, as he rightly observes remained the main cause for the unpopularity of Sanskrit language. Therefore the Samskrtadipika

268 gives only those rules of grammar which are essential for the study of language with simple and proper examples. The writer gives importance to translation from mother tongue to Sanskrit and vice versa as a better means for getting command in Sanskrit language. He describes the common roots and nouns with their various forms in a simple manner. Pareekshit Ramavarma Tampuran remarks that Samskrtadipika is a suitable text book on Sanskrit grammar and translation. The book suited the requirements of the beginners. The school students as well as those who opt for self study of Sanskrit are also benefited by the book. 14 Each lesson contains certain grammatical rules or their applications and a list of new words which are used in the sentences selected for translation. Various questions for revision have been given at different places. The commonly used declensions, four conjugations of Verbs, three tenses and two moods, passive forms and verbal derivations have been included. The Sandhi rules are added as footnotes. It is comparatively simpler than the Samskrta bhasa and follows the modern methods avoiding the difficult lessons in grammar in the presentation of language lessons. Sanskrit in Thirty Days The above titled work published in the national integration language series is compiled by N.S.R. Ganathe. It is published by Balaji

269 publication, Chennai and is a useful Sanskrit tutor for a layman who wants to get some acquaintance with Sanskrit. This work gives importance to the communicative aspects of Sanskrit and gives lessons in letter writing, Sanskrit conversation, debate and narration of stories. The aim of this book is to show a simple way to speak, read, and write, in Sanskrit through Malayalam medium and translation. The method of presentation of lessons is very simple. This book has five parts. The first part teaches the alphabet, symbols of vowels and conjunct consonents. Second part gives nouns, verbs etc. The Sanskrit names of the parts of the body, names of the family relations, weeks, months, seasons, fruits, vegetables, food and all the names we use in our daily life are provided. In the third part sentences, various question forms and few sentences about the 'my family', 'India' and conversation are introduced. In the fourth part the author enters into the filed of Vyakarana with examples and exercises. The last part contains letter form, conversation in the various situations like office, marriage etc and some stories in Sanskrit and Malayalam language. One of the peculiarity of this book is that the traditional method of education that teaches the grammar of words of nouns and roots etc. is not followed. Instead the modern tools of teaching language for the purpose of communication are used in a systematic manner.

270 Samskrta Malayalabhasa Sahayi is written by Sahitya Siromani K.K. Balakrishnapanikkar, Kadangod and published by H & C publishing. house Thrissur. This book is intended to make easy the study of Sanskrit language and declares that those who know to read and write Malayalam 15 can study Sanskrit without the assistance of teachers. The lessons of this book are very simple. They start with the introduction of alphabets, words and its meanings and gradually entertains some grammar. The content of the book is comparatively lighter than the former works mentioned above. The book gives Sanskrit words and sentences in Devanagari script and immediately provides Malayalam transliteration and translation. So the readers can easily learn Sanskrit words and sentences with the help of Malayalam. Kamadhenu In 1959 E.P Bharata Pisharodi started the series known as 'Kamadhenu' which contains about forty Sanskrit lessons. The lessons progress from simple to complicated language. English and Sanskrit are also used. The purpose of this series is the strengthening of the popularity of Sanskrit language and the acquisition of Indian cultural heritage. The time schedule is one day for each lesson. First 12 days give introduction lesson in history of Sanskrit, and literature and to the study of Kavyas & Puranas. 13 to 30 days (lessons) teach the Raghuvamsa 4th

271 canto. Then 31 to 34 lessons teach a drama for the experience of dialogue. 35 to 40 lessons deals with some portions of Ramayana, Mahabharatha, Kumarasambhava, Sakuntala, Kadambari, Kathopanisad, Rgveda etc. Through this program student learns Sanskrit language and the skill of appreciation. So this is the simple system for the easy learning of Sanskrit. From 1959 onwards Bharata Pisharodi conducted one or two courses in every year. But a long period was needed for some achievement of this programme. By 1973 this course was very popular in India and abroad. In the initial stage this course had a number of regular contact classes. Later contact classes were given up and students were asked to learn the lessons in their own house. Later these lessons were 16 translated into English, Malayalam Hindi and Tamil languages." A few years back this course was stopped. Recently K.G Poulose started a new series namely Laghu Samskrtam. Laghusamskrtam Laghusamskrtam is a different type of Sanskrit primer, which targets mainly the adult people, who had no occasion to learn Sanskrit during their time of formal education. This work is written Dr. K.G. Poulse and published by Kamadhenu centre for Sanskrit, Vallathol Vidyapeetham, Sukapuram, Edappal in 2003. The lessons are given in four volumes. In the preface of the first volume Dr. K.G. Poulose says - "Many people who

272 had not got a chance for studying Sanskrit during their time of formal education because of various reasons, later felt sorry. They always wish to acquire some knowledge in Sanskrit that is necessary to read and understand Ramayana and Gita. Some others wish to achieve enough Sanskrit knowledge so that they can handle the standard Malayalam language. People working in the field of journalism, when they think about the propriety of using a word or other feel that their ignorance in Sanskrit language is a disqualification. For the people of various sections of the society who want to get some knowledge in Sanskrit, this programme aims to give primary knowledge in that language". 17 A Keralaite who is able to understand Malayalam literary language. will never feel strangeness towards the Sanskrit words. As he is already equipped with a Sanskrit words found in Malayalam he has only to learn the use of Sanskrit inflections and their meanings. We have already referred to this fact during discussion on the language of Malayalam news papers. The author of Laghusamskrtam does not include serious grammar lessons or explanations of Paninian vyakarana sutras. They are the subjects for higher studies. At the same time the lessons prepared in Laghusamskrtam are sufficient to give knowledge in Sanskrit for reading Sanskrit books and understand its meaning. Devanagari script is not introduced in this work till a student acquires familiarity with the Sanskrit

273 language. Every thing is taught through Malayalam script, only the alphabets are introduced in devanagari script. There are fourteen lessons in this work which is divided into four parts. Each lesson has there divisions study of language, study of culture and study of other relevant matters. The study of language is the study of Sanskrit language using simple words and explanations of the basic units of language. Study of culture introduces the literary tradition of Sanskrit from the period of the Vedas. The remaining division gives information about Sanskrit language and authors. The laghusamskrta programe was inspired by the work Kamadhenu by E.P Bharata pisharody about which have mentioned earlier. That is why the self study method envisaged in this programme is tilted as 'Kamadhenu Samskrta Pathana Paddhati'. In the preparation of these lessons many books and texts that share the common objective of enabling people for self study in Sanskrit have been used. They include the works like Balabodhanam, Vakyatatvam, Laghusidhanta kaumudi translated and commended by Prof. R. Vasudevan Potty, Manidipika by A.R. Raja Rajavarma, Paniniya pradyotam by I. C. Chako, Prayoga dipika by P.K. Narayana Pillai. Samskrta vyakaranam by D. Damodara Pisharody, Prakryabhasyam by John Kunnapilly.

274 As we have seen, the approach towards Sanskrit language of this work is different from others works on Sanskrit self study. The programme starts with introducing to the general and special aspects of Sanskrit language and linguistics which include morphological, analytical and genealogical divisions of language and the concept of family of languages. It is useful to put Sanskrit language in the perspective of modern linguistics. By reading this book a person who is ignorant of Sanskrit language is able to understand the nature and grammar of Sanskrit. The medium used is Malayalam and the presentation is simple and interesting with cultural and literary references. These are the advantages of this work over the others. But since devanagari script is completely avoided the learner is not able to read and understand original Sanskrit words printed in devanagari. Samskrtavyavahara sahasri In the same way the Viswasamskrta Pratishtanam in Kerala has produced self study material for the propagation of Sanskrit among the common people. They project the necessity of developing communicative skills in Sanskrit. In order to make Sanskrit more acceptable to the Malayalees they are publishing books and booklets without using devanagari script. For example the work Samskrtavyavahara sahasri is written for people who want to learn and speak Sanskrit. They use simple

275 methods of conversation and want to remove the misconception prevalent among the common people that Sanskrit is a difficult language and it is full of strict grammar. But to speak in Sanskrit much practice is needed since is not used by the common people in their daily life, therefor the book gives verses and sentences that could be used in particular occasions. The lessons are designed in such a manner that they could be used by people who already know some Sanskrit and also by new students of Sanskrit. There are enough models of conversations that could be used in office, temple, bank, during the journeys etc. The Sanskrit names of the things commonly used are also given in the book.