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The next Centre of learning in ancient period was 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉. Generally for spreading education these 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉 were developed or constituted. During the 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺, 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲蝉 and in the 厂奴迟谤补 period these 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉 helped great deal in the expansion of education. These 笔补谤颈峁�a迟蝉 were also called 鈥榓ssembly of learned鈥� (Vidvat 蝉补产丑腻) or (叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 厂补峁僩丑补蝉)^[1].

In ancient time 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉 were here and there. Learned scholars for the improvement of their knowledge regularly searched such types of 笔补谤颈峁�a诲. The 艢atapata 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 and the B峁沨ad膩ra峁噛aka 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲^[2] mentioned that 鲍诲诲腻濒补办补 膧谤耻苍颈 went to the north, where he challenged the northern scholars. Like that 艢惫别迟补办别迟耻, Somau艣ushma S膩tyayaj帽i and 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 to Videha for learned discussion. In the 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲 these 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉 has been used for the assembly of the learned and the wise persons where great philosophical and spiritual problems were discussed (mooted) and solved. Later on, it came to be applied to those places where learned 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺s lived in a large number. In fact, 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉 was group of various 颁补谤补峁嘺蝉 for the purpose of discussion on tough educational, philosophical problems and evolving new facts. In the age of 厂奴迟谤补s it is described as the cultural assembly of the learned in which narrow and difficult problems were decided^[3].

There were the three categories of 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉. 笔腻峁噄苍颈^[4] referred to these three categories of 笔补谤颈峁�a迟蝉 补蝉鈥�

-) 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 relating to education.
-) 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 relating to the group of societies.
-) 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 relating to administration.

The 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 relating to education was like a type of assembly of learned, where the Vedic Pronunciation, 笔补诲补辫腻迟丑补蝉 and many other things were discussed. But the 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 was not confined only to discussion since the 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 was a higher organization relating education where abstruse topics were also discussed^[5].

A 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 was consituted with learned Pandits. According to Gautama^[6], a 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 should consists of at least of the ten following members, viz.,

a) Four members -well versed in knowledge of the four Vedas.
b) Three Representative member鈥揜epresentative of the 叠谤补丑尘补肠腻谤测补, 骋腻谤丑补蝉迟测补 and 痴腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑补 膧艣谤补尘补.
c) Three members鈥揈xpert in Laws.

Manu^[7] also agreed in regard to the names of the members in the 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 but he distributed them in the following:

a) Three members鈥�
1 Scholars of 峁欢惫别诲补;
1 Scholar of 厂腻尘补惫别诲补;
1 Scholar of Yajurveda;

b) Four members鈥�
1 Master of Logic;
1 Scholar of 惭墨尘腻峁僺补办补;
1 Scholar of Nirukta;
1 Master of Law

c) Three Representative Members鈥�
1 Brahmacarya;
1 骋腻谤丑补蝉迟测补;
1 痴腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑补;

Total Members 10

Herein there was the difference of 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 from Gurukula. The 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 was constituted with teachers, students and learned men. It was the small replica of a University of this age^[8].

In those days, 笔腻帽肠腻濒补 辫补谤颈峁�a诲 was a remarkable one. King Janaka developed this 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 for the propagation of learning. In the B峁沨ad膩ra峁噛aka 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲^[9] we find that the King Janaka invited all the Brahmanas of Kuru鈥�笔腻帽肠腻濒补 country on the occasion of horse sacrifice for the learning discussion. During the occasion the King offered a prize of 1000 cows with horns covered with gold to the most learned Scholars. These 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉 were the most important body of the community. The talented scholars represented these 笔补谤颈峁�a迟蝉. But in this 笔补谤颈峁�a诲 any person could not be able to take part even though they belonged to 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 family. Those who have fulfilled the sacred duties would able to take part in the 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉^[10]. Many scholars, student regularly attend there 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉 for advanced learning. After the completion of studies 艢惫别迟补办别迟耻 attended these 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉. So the 笔补谤颈峁�a诲蝉 were the debating circle, where the scholars meet together and give instruction about any doubtful points of law^[11].

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Hrd膩 ta峁ａ弓e峁�u manaso jabe峁�u yad br膩hma峁� 补岣� s补峁儁ajante sakh膩y补岣� |
础迟谤腻丑补 迟惫补峁� vi jahurvedy膩bhirohabr膩hm膩峁噊 vi carantu tve ||峁欢惫别诲补 X.71.8;
Atra asmin 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺s补峁僩he tv峁� avij帽膩t膩rthamek补峁� puru峁� 补峁� vedy膩bhi岣� veditavy膩bhi岣� vidy膩bhi岣� prav峁泃tibhirv膩 vi 箩补丑耻岣� vi艣e峁�e峁嘺 parityajanti |(厂腻测补苍补 叠丑腻峁�y补)Ibid. X.71.8.
Misra, Babulal. 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 k膩l墨n sik峁Ｄ� 辫谤补峁嚹乴墨,Prathibh膩 prak膩艣an, Delhi,2003,P.142.

[2]:

Kaurup膩帽c膩lo v膩 ayambrahm膩 brahmaputr补岣モ�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹��.svaid膩yaneneti 艣aunako ha svaid膩yana 膩sa |艢atapatha 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 11.4.1.2;
Janako ha vai vaideh岣�| br膩hma峁嘺irddh膩vayadbhi岣� sam膩jag膩ma 艣vetaketun膩ru峁噀yena soma艣u峁�me峁嘺 s膩tyayaj帽in膩 y膩j帽avalkyena t膩nnhov膩ca katha峁卥athamagnihotra帽juhitheti鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹��||Ibid.XI.6.2.

[3]:

叠补耻诲丑腻测补苍补 骋峁沨测补蝉奴迟谤补 I.1.1.12.

[4]:

笔腻峁噄苍颈 IV.4.100;
Misra,Babulal.Mah膩bh膩rat K膩l墨n Sik峁Ｄ� Pra峁嚹乴墨,Prathibh膩 prak膩艣an, Delhi,2003,P.144.

[5]:

Dutta, R.C. Civilization in Ancient India, Vol I, Motilal Banarasi Dass Publishers, Delhi,2007, P.163.

[6]:

颁补迟惫补谤补肠补迟耻谤峁嚹乵 辫腻谤补驳腻 ved膩n膩m pr膩g uttam膩ttraya 膩艣ramin补岣� p峁沨ga dharmavidasya etanda艣膩varana辫补谤颈峁�a诲ityacak峁�ate ||Gautama 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补 XXVIII.49.

[7]:

Da艣膩var膩 v膩 辫补谤颈峁�a诲 y补峁� dharma parikalpayet鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹��.traya艣c膩艣rami峁嚥贯弗 p奴rve 辫补谤颈峁�a迟 蝉测腻诲诲补艣腻惫补谤腻触触触 惭补苍耻蝉尘峁泃颈 XII.110-111.

[8]:

Mookerji, R.K. Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist), Motilal Banarasi Dass Publishers, Delhi 2011, P.222.

[9]:

Janako ha vaideho bahudak峁�i峁噀na yaj帽eneje tatra ha kurup膩帽c膩l膩n膩峁� Br膩hma峁嚹� abhisamet膩 babh奴vustasya ha janakasya vaidehasya vijija帽s膩 babh奴va k补岣�svide峁Ｄ乵 br膩hma峁嚹乶膩man奴c膩ntam iti sa ha 驳补惫腻峁� sahasramavarurodha 诲补艣补 诲补艣补 p膩d膩 ekaikasy膩岣� s峁沶gayor膩vadd膩岣� babh奴vu岣� ||B峁沨ad膩ra峁噛aka 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲 3.1.1

[10]:

Avrat膩n膩mamantr膩峁嚹佱箖 j膩tim膩tropaj墨vin膩m | Sahasra艣补岣� samet膩n膩峁� 辫补谤颈峁�a迟迟惫补峁� na vidayte||惭补苍耻蝉尘峁泃颈 12.114; 叠补耻诲丑腻测补苍补 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补 I.I.I.16.

[11]:

艢惫别迟补办别迟耻rh膩ru峁噀y补岣� p膩帽c膩l膩n膩峁� samitimey膩ya鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹��sa ha gautamo raj帽odharmey膩ya tasmai ha pr膩pt膩y膩rah膩帽cak膩ra sa ha pr膩t补岣� 蝉补产丑腻ga udey膩ya t补峁� hov膩ca m膩nu峁�asya bhagvan gautama vittasya var补峁� v峁沶墨th膩 iti sa hov膩ca tavaiva 谤腻箩补苍 m膩nus补峁� vitt补峁� y膩meva kum膩rasy膩nte v膩camabh膩峁�ath膩st膩meba me brah墨ti sa ha k峁沜ch墨babh奴va ||C膩ndogya 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲 V.3.1-6; 艢惫别迟补办别迟耻raha v膩 膩ru峁噀y补岣� p膩帽c膩l膩n膩峁� 辫补谤颈峁�a诲am膩jag膩ma鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹��..t膩峁� tvh补峁� tubhy补峁� vak峁�y膩mi ko hi tvaiv补峁� bravantarmahati praty膩khy膩tumiti ||B峁沨ad膩ra峁噛aka 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲 VI.2.1-7.