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177 Kesava Misra's View 43 According to Kesava Misra the self is that which possesses the universal selfhood. It is distinct from the body, sense-organs and mind; * and also different in each body, eternal and omnipresent. Cinnambhatta says that body can not be the self as it is changeable. Different stages, like childhood, boyhood, old age etc. occur in our life time. 44 Sense-organs can not be the self also as it is perishable. Mind is always related to sense-organs and that is why mind can not be the self.45 Through the internal sense mind, the knowledge of self arises. If there is any confusion about the existence of a separate soul, an inference may be restored to, where the existence of the soul can be proved by the hetu that there is no other fit substratum for intellect and other qualities. Knowledge etc. are the qualities and qualities must subsist in some substance. Here, knowledge etc. are not the qualities of the five elements, earth, water etc. as these qualities (subsisting in the soul) are perceived by the mind. Those qualities that subsists in the five elements are not perceived by the mind like colour smell etc. They are also not qualities subsisting in space, time and mind 43. 44. 45. atmatvasamanyavanatma/ sa ca dehendriyadivyatiriktah/ Tarkabhasa p.166. bhinnaparimanadhikaranatvena balyakaumaradisarirabhedasya prasiddhatvat. Tarkabhasa-prakasika p. 198. caksuradivyatiriktam karanantaramapeksya rupadin saksatkarotyanapeksya va..... ....tasmanna manasa atmatvam. Ibid. p.199. 1

178 due to being special qualities. The qualities of space, time and mind like number etc. are not special qualities as they are common to all the substances. Knowledge etc. are special qualities because they are capable of being grasped by a single sense-organ like colour, and so they do not subsist in space, time and mind. Therefore some substance other than these eight (earth) etc. should be postulated as the substratum of knowledge etc. and that is the soul. Thus, soul is a substance distinct from earth etc. The author wants to contradict the Buddhists and Carvakas who do not believe in atman by saying that the separate existence of the soul can be established both by mental perception and by inference with both positive and negative vyapti. The followers of Ramanuja assert that atman is anu i.e. with the least magnitude 4 as opposed to Naiyayika stand that it is vibhu i.e. having the greatest magnitude. 47 Being omnipresent (greatest magnitude) it is eternal like ether. It is different from body to body since the experience of pleasure and pain varies with each soul.