Principle of Shakti in Kashmir Shaivism (Study)
by Nirmala V. | 2016 | 65,229 words
This page relates ‘Cit and Ananda: Consciousness and Bliss as Powers� of the thesis dealing with the evolution and role of Shakti—the feminine principle—within the religious and philosophical framework of Kashmir Shaivism. Tantrism represents an ancient Indian spiritual system with Shakti traditionally holding a prominent role. This study examines four major sub-streams: Kula, Krama, Spanda, and Pratyabhijnā.
Go directly to: Footnotes.
Part 2.4 - Cit and ĀԲԻ岹: Consciousness and Bliss as Powers
Both Cit and ĀԲԻ岹 are the same consciousness in two distinct forms i.e., the former belongs to the unmanifested level, while the latter to the recognized level of consciousness.[1] Cicchakti is the aspect of divine freedom which symbolizes the power of self-revelation of the supreme lord. In this, Ś has the self-experience as pure ‘I�. The supreme lord in this aspect is satisfied and remains ever at repose and fullness. Sentiency (Caitanya) is the power of consciousness and it is also the primary and chief nature of the Self, which is the reflective awareness itself.
Utpaladeva describes this particular Śپ as the essential nature of self-consciousness and exists indifferent from the highest inner speech;
चिति� प्रत्यवमर्शात्मा पर� वाक् स्वरसोदिता �
स्वातन्त्र्यमेतन्मुख्य� यदैश्वर्यं परमेष्ठिनः �پ� ٲⲹśٳ 貹 vāk svarasoditā |
svātantryametanmukhya� yadaiśvarya� parameṣṭhina� ||(Self-consciousness is the very self of sentiency. It is Parā speech [Vāc] which ever shines independently. It is the freedom. It is the supreme power of the transcendental self.)[2]
Cicchakti is simply defined as the action of being conscious by being subject of this activity. This agential activity is the freedom for uniting, separating and holding together.
From this point of view, Abhinavagupta states;
It consists in not being self-confined, like the insentient; in having as its essential nature unlimited light; in perfect independence of others. And this freedom constitutes the point of distinction of self from the insentients, which are devoid of power of freedom to conjoin or disjoin.[3]
Therefore the Cicchakti is of the very nature of freedom which is known as the heart of the Supreme lord:
सा स्फुरत� महासत्ता देशकालाविशेषिणी �
सैषा सारतया प्रोक्ता हृदय� परमेष्ठिनः �sphuratā ٳ deśakālāviśeṣiṇ� |
saiṣ� ratayā proktā hṛdaya� parameṣṭhina� ||[4]
Obviously the difference from the insentient indicates the independence of others which is nothing other than the supreme ecstasy or bliss.
ĀԲԻ岹 is the experience in which manifested power rejoins with the supreme self:
तयोर्यद्यामल� रूपं � संघट्ट इत� स्मृतः �
आनन्दशक्ति� सैवोक्ता यत� विश्वं विजृम्भत� �ٲǰⲹ峾� ū貹� sa ṃgṭṭ iti smṛta� |
ԲԻ岹śپ� saivoktā yato ś� ṛmٱ ||[5]
Two types of empowerments�parasiddhi and aparasiddhi (primary and secondary)-are interpreted in Kashmir Śٱ soteriology. The supreme accomplishment is nothing but the īԳܰپ (embodied liberation); and all the powers to create and control the world are coming under the secondary empowerment. The former is believed to be leading to the emergence of supreme joy and the latter to the attainment of thousand enjoyments.[6] Similar mode of thought appears in the equation of the cosmic creative force with the aesthetic creativity and the potency of cognitive process with the capability of poetic appreciation both as the pedestal of supreme bliss.
The highest sense of bliss of the supreme consciousness is in fact identified with the pleasure arisen in the individuals as the result of bodily or sensual enjoyments like touch and aesthetic relish:
विसर्गशक्तिर्य� शम्भोः सेत्थं सर्वत्� वर्तते �
तत एव समस्तोऽयमानन्दरसविभ्रम� �
तथ� हि मधुर� गीते स्पर्श� वा चन्दनादिके �
माध्यस्थ्यविगम� यासौ हृदय� स्पन्दमानत� �
आनन्दशक्ति� सैवोक्ता यत� सहृदयो जन� �visargaśaktiryā śambho� settha� sarvatra vartate ||
tata eva samasto'yamānandarasavibhrama� |
tathā hi madhure gīte sparśe vā candanādike ||
mādhyasthyavigame yāsau hṛdaye spandamānatā |
ԲԻ岹śپ� saivoktā yata� sahṛdayo jana� ||[7]
䲹ٰ, the aesthetic experience, is also found identified with վś aspect of Śپ which is ultimately indifferent from the absolute consciousness.
In the case of limited individual, ĀԲԻ岹śakti is viewed to be equated with the highest plain of sattva, and also treated as the way to perceive as a positive entity. In its transcendental essential nature, Ś is eternally pure and absolutely changeless. The very state is pure unity of consciousness and bliss, where Ś is known as cidānandaghana (‘nothing but the ecstatic consciousness�).[8]
Footnotes and references:
[2]:
IPK, I. 5. 13; , Vol. 3, p.73. By quoting the verses from I. 5. 10 to I. 5. 15, Navjivan Rastogi asserts that—�첹śī śaivadaraśana kā ṇa ina kārikāe� hai�, Second Level Workshop on Trika Philosophy, ICPR, Lukhnow, 2012.
[3]:
, Vol.3, p.72.
[4]:
IPK, I. 5. 14.
[5]:
[6]:
Īśٲⲹñ屹ṛtśī, Vol.3, p.403;—�pratyabhijñānamātrādānandalābha� pariśīlanāttu saṃbhogasahasraprāptiriti tulyamubhayatra �
[7]:
ղԳٰǰ첹, III. 208-210.