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Principle of Shakti in Kashmir Shaivism (Study)

by Nirmala V. | 2016 | 65,229 words

This page relates ‘Pentadic and Triadic forms of Shakti� of the thesis dealing with the evolution and role of Shakti—the feminine principle—within the religious and philosophical framework of Kashmir Shaivism. Tantrism represents an ancient Indian spiritual system with Shakti traditionally holding a prominent role. This study examines four major sub-streams: Kula, Krama, Spanda, and Pratyabhijnā.

Go directly to: Footnotes.

Part 2.3 - Pentadic and Triadic forms of Śپ

Although the metaphysical framework of monistic Ś doctrine is deeply contingent on the concept of Śپ,[1] the deliberations on its multiple forms indicate the chances for contradictions in non-dualistic thought. Tantric Ś traditions, in various contexts, produces a variety of divergences in the number of Śپs such as sixteen, nine, eight and so on. But among these infinite modes of Śپs, the pentad and triad are perhaps approved by everyone.[2] Ś’s own nature (ū貹) and his entire acts as the emanator of the universe are generally depicted by the three modalities of Śپ viz., (will), ñԲ (knowledge) and (action). In its absolute form, Śپ is Cit (consciousness) and ĀԲԻ岹 (bliss).

Note regarding the classification of Śپ

The constituents of aforesaid triad, along with the Cit and ĀԲԻ岹 collectively compose the pentad of power.

The classification of Śپ is presented in distinct perspectives in various sources. As per Abhinavagupta, to associate Śپs with the cosmogonic categories of the Śaivite Monism is not a new-fangled method. 

He imparts thus,

तत्र परमेश्वर� पञ्चभि� शक्तिभिः निर्भर इत्युक्तम्, � स्वातन्त्र्यात� शक्तिं ता� ता� मुख्यतया प्रकटयन् पञ्चधा तिष्ठत� � चित्प्राधान्ये सदाशिवतत्त्वम्, इच्छाप्राधान्य� ईश्वरतत्त्वम�, इच्छाय� हि ज्ञानक्रिययो� साम्यरूपाभ्युपगमात्मकत्वात� ज्ञानशक्तिप्राधान्ये...

tatra parameśvara� pañcabhi� śaktibhi� nirbhara ityuktam, sa svātantryāt śakti� tā� tā� mukhyatayā prakaṭayan pañcadhā tiṣṭhati | citprādhānye sadāśivatattvam, icchāprādhānye īśvaratattvam, icchāyā hi jñānakriyayo� sāmyarūpābhyupagamātmakatvāt jñānaśaktiprādhānye...

(Lord Ś possess numerous Śپs however five of those are considered his principal ones. In the process of manifestation of any of his Śپs these principal ones remain shining in five different ways. When however in the process of manifestation Cid Śپ becomes prominent then this is Śtattva; when ĀԲԻ岹śakti predominates, then this is Śپtattva, when on the other hand śakti assumes the prominent position, then this is śٲٳٱ, when ñԲ predominates, then this is Īśٲٳٱ and when Kriyā becomes predominant, then this is Śܻ󲹱ٲٳٱ.)

Boris Marjanovik, “Means and Practices of Non-Dual Ś�, Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 87, 2006, p.195. cf. Paul Eduardo Muller Ortega, The Triadic Heart of Ś, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1989, p.131.See also, Gavin. D. Flood, Body and Cosmology in Kashmir Ś, Mellen Research University Press, San Francisco, 1993, p.61; John Nemec, “Evidence for dzԲԻ岹’s Pantheism,� Journal of Indian Philosophy, 2013, p.14. 

Some Śٲ and Ś texts try to explain it with the help of a diagram of two triangles placed one over the other with their vertices facing upward (known as ūrdhvatrikoṇa) and downward (adhastrikoṇa). The former symbolizes the supreme Ś in his aspects of Cit and ĀԲԻ岹Śپs whereas the later indicates the triad of powers (, ñԲ and Kriyā) that facilitate Ś for the manifestation of the universe. Raffaele Torella gives a distinguished view that Utpaladeva and Abhinavagupta consider śakti as that acts in ʲśⲹԳī, just as ղ󲹰ī had been connected with śپ and Ѳⲹ with ñԲśakti, an unobstructed light belonging to śakti.

He further explains the same thus; 

“ʲśⲹԳ� is the very first 'verbalization', still enclosed but potentially about to unfold. Without some kind of subtle verbalization knowledge would be impossible. The next level, Ѳⲹ, represents conceptualization, the articulation of the content of the first perception into fully differentiated and successive concepts and words. Lastly, ղ󲹰ī is the moment of communication, the plane of the word externalized and made into audible sounds.�:

“Abhinavagupta and the Word: Some Thoughts�, Praznath: A Kashmiri Discourse Journal, 2013, p.9.

ṣeᲹ tries to describe the triad of Śپs as corresponding to the three types of bondages (malas). See Lyne Bansat Bouden, “On Ś Terminology: Some Key Issues of Understanding�, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol.43, 2014, pp.81-82.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Śdṛṣṭi, I. 3-4:
sa yadāste cidāhlādamātrānubhavatallaya� |
tadicchā tāvatī tāvajjñāna� tāvat hi sā ||
susūkṣmaśaktitritayasāmarasyena vartate |
cidrūpāhlādaparamo nirvibhāga� parastadā ||

[2]:

Hellen Brunner places the two fold Śپs upon all other types of classification and attempts to negate them all: “The bipolarisation may well be lost sight of when one considers the numerous list of 3, 5, 8, 9, 16 and more Śپs each with a particular function that represent a later development of the doctrine, which introduced subtle distinctions within the Śپ concept and tried to connect them with all kinds of triads, pentads, and so on met within the cosmology or ontology of the school.� “ñԲ� and Kriyā: Relation between Theory and Practice in Ś岵� in Teun Gaudriaan (Ed.), Ritual and Speculation in Early Tantras, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1992, p. 13.

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