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Religious faith, service to brahmins etc. : The foremost quality which is considered essential in a king is spelt out by Samrajya-lakshmi-pithika to be the unswerving faith a king reposes in Lord Visnu who is said to constitute the essentials of rest of the gods (sarvadevamaya) and bestow fruits in this world and here-after. Such a king 4 also accepts the commands of the royal preceptor without protest. His mind is always favourably disposed to serve the brahmins and cows. He exhibits truthfulness in words, clarity of thought in mind and boldness at heart. All his wealth is spent after the deserving brahmins and he keeps his mind always glued to the Brahman, who is which who is eternal. With a heart full of compassion, he sympathises his fellow beings in distress while he is not paverse to enjoyment when they are happy. In matters of others' wealth and women he has a dispassionate mind and a controlled attitude (67.3-10). Circumstantial behaviour, righteousness etc. : To his own people (among his own kinsmen), he shows his munificence, to the enemy, deceit and wickedness 4. Yasya devi drdha bhaktikaihikamusmikaprade, A sarvadevamave visnau sa raivarho bhavennarah // (67.3).

414 (sathya) and to his servants, kindness. Towards his own religion he betrays constant enthusiasm whereas he is disinclined (asvarsa) to religious customs, that are not his own. Always possessing an abiding interest in righteous activities, his speech correctly reflects his mind and actions performed by him, do always conform to the spoken words (11-13). Steadfastness to his own religion etc : Such a king does not forsake his religion, customs and traditions either at the time of acute distress, in face of great trials or while regaling in highest pleasure. He possesses enlivening interest in the rituals performed in honour of gods, seers and manes and reticently performs his daily rites and such others, which are enjoined for special occasions. stated to possess an avowed interest And finally, he is in giving gifts and donations to the deserving and is guided by a gusto to undertake visits to sacred places of pilgrimmage at suitable intervals, (14-16). Elsewhere also, we come across a number of e qualities associated with an ideal king. broadly divided under two categories, A. up and B. General accomplishments. These may be His mental make-

415 A 鈥� First of all, a king, ingeneral is described to be leading a virtuous life (sucarita). He is well-versed in all the lores, craves for good company and is anxious to listen to good things. He knows his duties and faults as well as of others and his annoyance and use of blessings do bear the desired results. An expert in the weapons of various kinds, he with impunity, destroys enemy-citadels. He is neither a procrastinator (dirghasutra) nor one, who is jealous of others. He can read others' mind, is flamboyant and sagacious. While commanding loyalty of his subjects and subordinates, he engages himself in providing an able and ideal administration to them. Being substratum (adhara) of all beings, he refuses to be cowed down even at the hands of the gods. His fame, duly arising from his valour and munificent donations, reach far and wide, touching the horizons. His secrets are well-guarded and being blessed with a unwavering mind, he is repository of all the ideal bodily marks (described earlier) which lend credence to his exacted status (68.4-8). B. An expert in riding horses and elephants, he is described to be an atiratha (a charioted soldier who can fight with innumerable soldiers) in fighting from a war chariot. Well-accoutred in war, he is likened to

416 Indra (balabhid) in destroying enemy-soldiers. Like the fire-god (Agni) he is ever pure and shining (pavaka). Similarly, in realm of other qualities also he excels and is compared to host of other gods. In his equality of behaviour towards all, he is compared to Samana (yama), fearful and awe-inspiring like Nirrti to the wicked, and alert like the nooseever-observant, attentive wielding god (Varuna) and ever-moving like and ever-moving like the Air. In distribution of wealth, he is munificent like Kubera and bears kinness to Isana in matters of causing peace and prosperity. In creation, he is versatile like Vidhi, in protection, akin to Visnu and in destroying the wicked, he is verily Rudra (18-22).: Political behaviour : He is one, who is fascinated by the learned, has a pure heart and patronises poets and singers. Being equally reverential to the gods, preceptor and the twiceborn ones, he abides by the advice of the royal Chaplain. He himself knows the proper mantra (counsel) and can penetrate into the mind of his ministers. Being always guided by the informations collected by his spies, he is known as "spy-eyed". His relations, kith and king

417 are G ever-flooded with his mercy and generosity. He always dons precious and gem-studded ornaments, garlands and scented unguents are borne by him as cosmetics. His forehead carries the tilaka (mark) of musk. From his mouth issues forth a sweet fragrance of camphored-betel that he partakes. His conch- like neck is never without a necklace and generally, he wears a pleasing countenance (23-26). He presides over the four-fold royal army and is surrounded by servants bearing royal insignia. He is yegaled by story-tellers, jesters etc. Actors, dances flute and lyre-players, singers, poets, royal officere and hermits constitute his royal assembly. He continuously receives sagacious advice from his ministers who are described to be experts in the science of polity(27-29). The country, which is ruled by such a king is described to bask in the splendour of royal glory and does afford a pleasant and gay look. It is rightly called, rajanvat (a country governed by a just monarch) by the experts (30-31).