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The last topic in the entertainment is Mrgaya-vinoda or the amusement derived from hunting, which is considered 136 as the highest Vinoda by Kalidasa in his Sakuntala. 135. kantakarah sakucakascarmajah sagarodbhavah | kovasakah khiridasca pathinah simhatundakah || ete matsya mahakayascarmaja nimnagodbhavah | patala picchaka stvekastatha'nyo dantapatalah || 4. 14.1386-1387. 136. kalidasa - sakuntalam . II. 5. - mithyaiva vyasanam vadanti mrgayamidrg vinodah kutah | CE. vatsyayana kamasutra mrgayadisu karmasu | www 2. pritih samyasiki jneya-

149 Somesvara recommends that the king should have a reserved forest full of beautiful trees, without thorns, laden with This fruits and flowers and free from fierce animals. reserved forest should not be far away from the capital. 137 Somesvara has given a vivid description of deer. He has divided them on the basis of (1) Rupa, (2) Guna and Vaya. Mrga or harina is the general name for the deer. Somesvara has described different kinds of deers. The main types are as follows: (1) Saranga is a young deer which possesses big and soft body. This type of deer is very auspicious. Sarangas are divided into four subsections, namely (a) Dipa Saranga, (b) Mukta Saranga, (c) Mukta-dipa Saranga and (d) Vanya Saranga. Dipa saranga is the best type of deer. It can easily be trained and is 138 very auspicious. Mukta Sarangas are very furious and they are used for fighting. 139 Mukta-dipa Saranga helps the hunters in hunting. The Saranga type of deer which 137. mrgasathata sampannam krurasattvairvivarjitam | vanamatmaviharartham palayet purapasrvagam || 2.3.168. 138. fmfantza art: glaar: aregut: Zuriat: 114.15.1561. 139. kopadhikasceddddhartha yojyate mrgayabudhaih || 4.15.1577.

150 always lives in the forest is called Vanya Saranga. In this way, Somesvara gives different names of the deer and their characters. (2) A castrated antelope having hundred-fold horns is called Bhandaka, (3) Krsnasara ia a deer possessing legs which are thin, and strong. The lower portion from the shoulder is bulky and the horns are beautiful. The division of the limbs is also proportionate (4.15.1568-1576). Somesvara has mentioned several other types of deer based on the parts of body, colour, movement etc. Then Somesvara describes the methods of hunting which 140) But he describes only twentyare thirty-one in number 140 one which are given below. 140. paniyaja caraja ca ksetraja margaja tatha | abara dipamrgaya tatha ca vitapasraya || vadhaja kandapataja mancaja bhumigehaja | balivardatirodhana mahisarohanodbhavah || asvaja citraja caiva sariri stambhani tatha | vayuja damanotpanna gaurija kopasambhava || kamaja dhvanijata ca tatha madavikaraja | niharaja pasajata jalaja yantrasambhava || vyaghramoksanasambhuta tatha kavaladanaja | ekatrimsatprakareyam mrgaya rajasammata || 4.15.1446-1450.

151 141 (1) Paniyaja Mrgaya (hunting near the watering places): Big pits are dug nearby the watering places. In these pits the king and all the ladies of the harem dressed fully in green, conceal themselves in such a manner that the deer do not get any scent of these people while the wind is blowing. The drum-beaters should then scatter gram before the Dipamrga which are specially trained in order to attract wild deer. The trained deer return to the spot followed by the wild deer near the tank. When this wild deer comes near the tank or begins picking gram or fights with the decoying deer, the king armed with his bow and arrow should kill the deer by surprise. Immediately, his men should rush to the scene and remove the carcass of the deer in order that no remnant of its body and no trace 142 of its blood may remain. When this is done, other deer may be similarly attracted to this place of death. This method is better than the one which makes the hunter wander about in the hot sun in search of the game. 141. manusyagandhamaghraya palayante mrgadayah | 1 tasmadvayugatim jnatva gatim tatra prakalpayet || 4.15.1458. 142. kilala pamsuna chadyam yatha gandho na jayate | evam paniyaja prokta mrgaya mrgayottama || 4. 15.1492. ||

152 -11 (2) Then somesvara tells Caraja Vinoda. It means hunting an animal when it is wandering in search of food. The king may kill them while hunting from an underground celler 143 or from pits or from under the shade of a tree. (3) Ksetreja is a kind of hunting in which the deer are killed when they come into a forest abounding in trees 144 or in cultivated lands of wheat, pulses etc. Here Somesvara suggests the hunter that he should be dressed in green, with weapons of green colour. 1 (4) In Margaja kind of hunting, the king or hunter first ascertains the path by which the deer habitually move. After knowing the route the king takes his seat near it in a pit or the bough (branch of a tree) and kills them. 143. tatakeva tathodyane mrgasancarabhumisu | carasakta mrgah sarve param visvasamagatah || manusyebhyo bhayam vyaktva caratintu ca bubhuksitah | garne va purvavat sthitva vitapam va samasritah || 1440 adhaki tilanispavagodhumacanakadibhih || 4.15.1502-1503. puspitaih phalitaih purna ksetramayanti khaditum | mrgah subahavastasminkuryattoyavadanganam || garte va bhugrhe sthitva mrganvidhyennaradhipah | mrgaya ksetrana prokta bahusasyaprabhedatah || 4. 15.1547, 1549

, 153 (5) In Usara type of hunting, the deer are habituated to take saltish earth. When they begin to lick the ground, they should be killed. It is called Usara type of hunting. 145 146 (6) Dapamrga hunting is that in which young, fortitude, delightful, pleasing male and female deer are trained. These are called Dipamrgas which in the absence of a better word may be translated as decoying deer, to serve as a balt. They are so trained that at the slightest sign they come back to their master in spite of temptations of food or a male or female of the speices. The king accompanied by such Dipamrgas and some hunters should go to the forest. When a herd of wild deer is traced the information is carried to the king, who should then carefully hide himself. The hunters of the kings carefully enter the forest, hide themselves behind trees and sometimes behind bullocks. 145. abaram sthanamagatya lehanajjatagartake | parvatasya tate kule saritah palvalasya va || mukham pravesya khadanti mrttikam lavananvitam | tatra vayugatim jnatva tisthecca vitapantare || mrttikam lelihanamstannimnadese vyavasthitan | prsthavamse drdham vidhyedyaksa vrkso vibhidyate || 4. 15.1554-1556. 146. rupati gunatava vayasya vibhagatah | varnoksata mahakayah sarangastarunah subhah || 4. 15.1558.

154 One of them stealthily comes out of the forest, to inform the king leaving no ground for the deer to suspect the presence of men in the forest. He scatters leaves before himself so that the deer may not suspect the presence of men in the forest. Then the king with his bow and arrows in one hand and a Dipamrga in the other, should go forward followed by two hunters with Dipamrgas in their hands. The informant posted in the middle, should then proceed continuously and inform the person nearest to the herd. On the first man signalling these people to come nearer, they should go with their bodies covered with Yavas (green grass). If the herd looks at them, they should let the Dipamrgas go and walk on all fours. The credulous ones among the herd may come towards the Dipamrga either for company or for a fight. When the deer is thus drawn nearer, the king should from his hiding place or behind a DIpamrga or on a tree, should discharge arrows at the deer and kill it. This type of hunting is called as the Dipamrgaja. 147 147. vanyairmrgairmilantyete muktasarangadipakah | posakah pavanasthadhah samagatya mrgantike || 4. 15.1610. vidhyetkarnantakrstena vanena nisitena ca | rukhmanena margena sambaranharinanapi || 4. 15.1616.

155 (7) Then Somesvara tells Vitapaja type of hunting. Taking a small tree in his hands and hiding himself behind the leaves, the king should move step by step on green lands keeping himself concealed behind other trees. When the distance between the two is easy, he can kill the animals. 148 149 (8) Vadhraja type is that in which nets are spread and the king remains at the end of the nets on a tree. The hunters, who move like quadrupeds, suddenly make a thundering noise on one side so that the herd of deer may be forced to run into the leathern thongs of the net. When they are near the king, he should kill them with arrows. When a herd of deer (9) The next is Kandapataja. without fear moves about in the forest, a band of hunters with four white legs like those of bullocks should surround the herd carefully against the direction of the wind in order that the deer may not get the smell and run away. 148. vidhrtya vitapam panau patrantaritavigrahah | prabhanjanagatescadhah sthitva gatva mrgantikam 11 4015.1641. 149. mrgayurtha samaveksya tatra vadhih prasarayet | uparyupari jhikna sthastiryagvati samirane || 4. 15.1645.

156 Then the herd of the deer should be pressed hard and made to come nearer the king. arrows. 150 Then he should kill them with (10) vahaja type is that in which mounting a very speedy and trained horse, the king goes to the forest and 151 kills the deer with arrows. (11) Tadika type of hunting is as follows. When the deers are seen on a spot abounding in green grass and free from dried leaves, the king should take with him some hunters, expert in timely clapping and go to the place where the deer are found. They should, by making a peculiar sound by mouth, attract the attention of the deer which will fix their eyes on the hunters only. Then the king should come from behind the deer and kill them with arrows. 152 On a (12) somesvara next describes the vayuja. stormy day when a herd of deer is seen by the king, he 1 150. tatra srantamstrsakantasvasatah paridhavatah | sarairnanavidhairvidhyedvarinan dharanisvarah || 4.15.1671. 151. jatyamasvam samaruhya siksitam javinam nrpah | sitaih sellestathaprasairhanyattu harinadikan || 4. 15.1673. 152. tadita (ka ) mrgaya prokta vayuja manyate dhuta | pracandamarute vati milite mrgayuthake || 4.15.1682.

4 157 should go with some hunters in the opposite direction of the wind; so that the herd of deer may not get any smell of them. There he should either mount a tree or a small hillock with his weapons ready. The hunters from behind should create a row in order to drive them from their original place towards the king. One after another, they should be killed except the first or the leader of the herd. (13) Another type of hunting is that the hunter should with or without a bullock during the day should choose the place in such a way that the deer may not get even water or grass. Thus they become tired and are unable 153 to run away when the hunter is sighted. Gradually the hunter comes nearer and nearer. The deer are struck with hunger and thirst. They are prostrated and hence easily killed. This is Damanaja type of hunting. 153. na labhante mrga ghasam paniyam napnuvanti ca | ksutpipasasamakrantah sranta mrsyanti lubdhakam || tatah kramena nikatam samagacchati lubdhakah | ghasavyamgah ksudhakrantah sahante lubdhakadhvanim || 4.15.1690-1691.

158 (14) Kopaja type of hunting is when two deer fight for the sake of a female, he should keep himself cancealed behind a tree and kill the defeated one in the fight. (15) Kamaja type of hunting is when the deer are engaged in amorous sports, they become easily forgetful of their personal security. The king should take this opportunity and kill them. (16) Further Somesvara mentions the Madavikaraja type. Certain drugs mixed with food-stuff may be given to deer of different kinds. As a result of this, they become senseless and are easily killed. 154 (17) Dhvanija is another kind of hunting which is done by sound. Here the voice of the Saranga is imitated purposely by some hunters as per the directions of the king. Hence the deer move following the voice of Saranga. The king should kill the deer with arrows when they happens 155 to move nearby him. 154. nisitairvisiravai vidhyedadhijya krstakarmukah | dhvanijaivam samakhyata varnya madavikaraja || 4. 15.1698. 155. dhvanim srutva samayanti saradga dhvanisamyatah | 4.15.1797.

15.9 (18) The rusaraja type of hunting is as follows: In the seasons like the rainy and spring when the land remains often wet by frost or dew, the deer find themselves in difficulties and generally take recourse to the thickets, 156 woods, clusters or bushes. The king should go on a trained horse and being informed by his hunters, discover their shelter and kill them. should (19) Then comes the Pasaja and (20) Jalaja, i.e. hunting with noose and nets. Here the noose or net is spread, in a place. The king should follow the deer after letting a very slow and trained dog loose on the herd into that area. But the deer run rather slowly. While going through the trap they are caught by the hind legs and become frightened. They are taken through the city streets. 157 156. pravrtkale vasante tu saradagamane tatha | tusaramalinasyandacchnnata mrgabhumisu || 4. 15.1702. 157. sthulandirghankrsan kubjanmrgan jatyanurupatah | sakkusamyo jitanpasannanasutravinirmitan || 4. 15.1710. jalairbadvamstatha vyalan rajjubhyam paksayordvayoh | yantritan kanthadese tu bhramayetpuramadhyatah || 4.15.1715.

160 (21) The last one is Vyaghraja: A leopard is caught 158 by the help of nets. The leopard is trained by the hunter for hunting. Trained leopards are then carried on bullock-carts or backs of the horses to the forest and are let loose on the herd of deer. The leopard then runs with great speed and leaving aside the females, it catches only the Krsnasara i.e. the spotted antelope. In this way, Somesvara describes in Manasollasa, twenty-one types of hunting though the number mentioned originally is larger. In this chapter Somesvara gives us an idea as to how the kings and the mighty people used to get an entertainment through hunting. They used to get immence amusement while hunting the herd of deer in the open nature Though hunting was a regular vocation and means of livelihood with most of the forest tribes, it was a passtime with the kings and the nobles. It was also favoured among the army officers and the soldiers. 158. tato rajjuh pramolavya vyaghraprakanthanivesita | pascaddinatraye'tite mrgam muncedarajjukam || siksitavyo kramenaivam krsnasaravadham prati | citrako vyaghrajatiyastamaranyamrgo ksipet || aropya sakate vyaghramasvaprsthe'thava punah | mocayedvarinan hantum gatva'ranyam naresvarah || 4. 15.1720-1722.