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Dresses as well as ornaments play a significant role in addressing the status of people of a particular period. The 惭腻濒补迟墨尘腻诲丑补惫补 supplies very little information about the dress and ornaments of the people of 8^th century A.D.

Dress:

During 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈鈥檚 time dress normally consisted of two garments viz., 耻迟迟补谤墨测补 i.e upper garment and 苍墨惫墨 i.e. lower garment. 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈 has mentioned about the garments in the 4^th act of the 惭腻濒补迟墨尘腻诲丑补惫补 where Makaranda said that Madayantik膩 was regardless of the upper garment which had slipped off.^[1] Again another reference of upper garment is found in the 6^th act where Lava峁単ik膩 said to Makaranda, who was in 惭腻濒补迟墨鈥檚 dress, to cover up with the upper garment.^[2] Another garment mentioned by 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈 is lower garment. In the 2^nd act it was found that the tie of 惭腻濒补迟墨鈥檚 苍墨惫墨 i.e. lower garment was loosened.^[3] In this context Jagaddhara opines that 苍墨惫墨 is the knot of knee-clothing.^[4] It appears that 苍墨惫墨 was used to tie up the clothes of Knee. In the 6^th act it was known from the speech of 惭腻诲丑补惫补 that the bracelets of 惭腻濒补迟墨鈥檚 friends attached to their waist-bands gave rise to a musical sound of the little bells.^[5] It indicates that a waist鈥揵and was used round the lower garment.

The 惭腻濒补迟墨尘腻诲丑补惫补 shows that the dress of maiden was decorous as in the 1^st act 惭腻诲丑补惫补 said that the maidenhood of 惭腻濒补迟墨 was indicated by the arrangement of her dress.^[6] In the 4^th act there found that the ladies had their bath on the bank of the stream and their prominent parts were visible owing to the close-fitting wet garments and had placed their hands cross-wise like svastikas on their prominent and full breasts.^[7] It appears that the ladies wore close-fitting garments during 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈鈥檚 time.

The dress of Buddhist mendicants was red robes. In the very beginning of the 惭腻濒补迟墨m膩hava, the female Buddhist nun 碍腻尘补苍诲补办墨 and her pupil 础惫补濒辞办颈迟腻 were found to have worn red robes. ^[8] Sometimes, Buddhist nuns appeared with tattered garments during 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈鈥檚 time as he has depicted 碍腻尘补苍诲补办墨 in a tattered vestments.⁶⁹ Jagaddhara, in this context remarks that the part of cloth was to be worn by Buddhist 辫补谤颈惫谤腻箩补办补.^[9] In the 6^th act 惭腻濒补迟墨鈥檚 attendants were found vested with coverings of china silk.^[10] Again it was found that 惭腻濒补迟墨鈥檚 bridal dress included a bodice of 诲丑补惫补濒补辫补峁�峁�腻峁兣泆办补 i.e white silk and 谤补办迟补惫补谤峁嚹伵泆办补 [谤补办迟补惫补谤峁嚹伵泆办补m] i.e red silk garments to serve the purpose of the mantle.⁷² This indicates that people used abundantly the various sorts of silk clothes during 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈鈥檚 time. A silk cloth, simple or of a diversified colour seems to have been imported during that time. Thus, people wore various kinds of clothes during 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈鈥檚 time.

Ornaments:

In the 惭腻濒补迟墨尘腻诲丑补惫补, 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈 has given different types of ornaments used by the people of his time. He has used the terms 腻产丑补谤补峁嘺, 补濒补峁僰腻谤补 etc. to denote ornaments. The ladies adorned themselves with ornaments like ear-rings, necklace, anklets, bracelets and garlands of flowers etc. They put on different kinds of ornaments at different parts of their bodies. Bracelets were worn in their hands, necklace were worn at their neck and anklets at their feet and so on. In the 1^st act when 惭腻诲丑补惫补 had described about the attendants of 惭腻濒补迟墨, he said that when they playfully turned back,the rows of their bracelets were setting into agitation by the loud clapping of their lotus like hands and gave rise to a musical sound by the sweet chiming of the little bells attached to their waist-bands. This sound was mingled with the gentle clank of their anklets that sounded agreeably to the movements of their feet graceful like the sportive gait of impassioned royal swans when frightened.^[11]

叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈 has mentioned that 惭腻濒补迟墨 had worn the garland of crushed champaka flowers.^[12] She had also worn the garland of Bakula flowers where she had disparaged the pearl necklace. It seems that she had set high value over the garland of Bakula flowers than her pearl necklace. Not only ladies had worn garlands but men also used to wear garlands of flower at their neck. In the 7^th act it was 惭腻诲丑补惫补 who removed the Bakula garland from his neck and had presented it to 惭腻濒补迟墨.⁷⁵ In the 6^th act when numerous courtesans set off at the procession of 惭腻濒补迟墨 to the temple of city-deity the courtesans were found to have worn various jewel ornaments which resembled the fragment of Indra鈥檚 bow in the surface of the sky.⁷⁶

Having seen these courtesans Makaranda said that the directions were covered all round to their ends with the quivering circles of the rays of gems, having their mass variegated with the throbbing rays of gold. Hence they looked as if mingled with the lustre of the wings of the 肠腻蝉补 birds flying about^[13] . During the marriage of 惭腻濒补迟墨,sets of ornaments suitable for all parts of the body, a necklace of pearls and a garland of white flowers were presented to her.^[14] In another place, when Madayantik膩 accompanied by Buddharak峁�it膩 went to meet 惭腻濒补迟墨, Buddharak峁�it膩 said Madayantik膩 to come by silencing her jewelled anklets or by drawing them up.^[15]

From the foregoing dicscussion it can be inferred that in the contemporary society of 惭腻濒补迟墨尘腻诲丑补惫补, people believed on Hindu religion and performed all the rituals of Hinduism.Worship of and veneration for the multiplicity of deities had persisted during 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈鈥檚 time.Along with these, various religious festivals have formed a substantial part of the content of religion in the minds of masses.People also showed veneration towards Buddhism. Moreover, many popular beliefs formed a substantial role in the minds of the mass during 8^th century A.D. People practised various fine arts during 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈鈥檚 time. Moreover, architecture and the art of construction were of high standard during his time.

During 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈鈥檚 time people ate different fruits viz.mango, pomigranate [pomegranate?] and also ate betel.Moreover wine drinking was also in vogue during the period of 8^th century A.D. However in this 笔谤补办补谤补峁嘺, 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈 has not mentioned about the principal food of common people during his time.People were highly concerned in regard to dress.They substantially used various sorts of silk clothes. Also the ladies decked themselves with various ornaments of gold. Necklace was very famous and commonly used ornament. It was made of pearls and gold. Garland of flowers was common ornaments for both men and women.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

aga峁噄taskhaladuttar墨y膩 /
惭腻濒补迟墨尘腻诲丑补惫补, IV.8

[2]:

taduttar墨y膩pav膩rita岣� /
Ibid.,VII.p.142

[3]:

苍墨惫墨bandhocchvasanam//
Ibid.,II.5

[4]:

jaghanavastravandhana峁� 苍墨惫墨 /
Jagaddhara on Ibid., II.p.55

[5]:

atha t膩岣� sal墨lamutt膩lakarakamalat膩lik膩tara lavalay膩val墨kamutrasta mattakalaha峁僺asa vibhram膩bhir膩macara峁嘺sa峁僣ara 峁嘺ja峁噅a峁嚹亂am膩n amaj帽uma帽j墨ra rasit膩nu vidhamekhal膩 kal膩pakala ki峁僰i峁嚹玶a峁嘺tk膩r amukhara峁� pariv峁泃ya /
惭腻濒补迟墨尘腻诲丑补惫补,I.p.29

[6]:

mugdhanepathyaviracan膩 vibh膩vitakum膩r墨bh膩v膩 mah膩bh膩vaprak峁泃i /
Ibid., I.p.25

[7]:

jalanibi岣峣tavastravyanaktanimnonnat膩bhi岣� parigata峁璦bh奴mi岣� sn膩tam膩traotthit膩bhi岣� /
stanavinihita hastasvastik膩bhi rvadh奴bhi岣� /
Ibid., IV.10

[8]:

迟补迟补岣� pariv峁泃ya raktapa峁�峁璱k膩nepathye k膩mandakyavalokite pravi艣ata岣� /
Ibid.,I.12 ⁶⁹ c墨rac墨varaparichad膩峁� / Ibid., I.p.13

[9]:

c墨re峁嘺 vastrakha峁囜笉ena /
肠墨惫补谤补峁� saugata辫补谤颈惫谤腻箩补办补v膩sastadeva parichada岣� parikaro yasy膩st膩m /
Jagaddhara on Ibid., I.p.13

[10]:

cch膩y膩sa峁僾alitairvivartibhiriva pr膩nte峁�u pary膩v峁泃t膩岣� /
vyakt膩kha峁囜笉alak膩rmuk膩 iva bhavantyuccitrac墨n膩峁兣泆ka//
Ibid.,VI.5⁷² etatt膩vat诲丑补惫补濒补辫补峁�峁�腻峁兣泆办补 colakametaccottar墨ya峁� raktavar峁嚹佱箖艣ukam/
Ibid.,VI.p.125

[11]:

athat膩岣�sal墨lamutt膩lakarakamalat膩lik膩tarala valay膩val墨ka mutrastamala kalaha峁僺asa峁僾ibhram膩bhir膩macara峁嘺sa峁僣ara峁嘺ja峁� aja峁嚹亂am膩nama帽juma帽j墨ra/
Ibid.,I.p.29

[12]:

parim峁沝itacampak膩valivil膩salalit膩lasaira峁単ai岣� /
Ibid., III.p.6⁷⁵ 膩tmana岣� ka峁囜弓h膩davatarya bakulam膩l膩峁� dad膩ti /
Ibid.,VII.p.166⁷⁶ vividharatn膩la峁僰膩rakira峁嚹乿al墨vi岣峚mvitamahendrac膩pavicheda vichuritanabha岣�sthalairv膩rasundar墨kaadambairadhy膩sit膩 utkva峁嘺tkanakaki峁僰i峁嚹玧膩laja峁嘺ja峁嘺ja峁卥膩ri峁噛a岣� /
Ibid., VI.p.122

[13]:

pre峁卥hadbh奴rimay奴khamecakacayair奴nme峁�ic膩峁�acchada /
cch膩y膩sa峁僾alitairvivartibhirivapr膩nte峁�u pary膩v峁泃膩岣�//
vyakt膩kha峁囜笉alak膩rmuk膩 iva bhavantyuccitrac墨n
prast膩rasthagit膩 ivonmukhama峁噄jyotirvit膩nairdi艣a岣� /
Ibid.,VI.5

[14]:

ime ca sarv膩峁単ik膩 腻产丑补谤补峁嘺sa峁儁og膩岣� /
补测补峁� ca mauktih膩ra岣� candanam cit kusum膩p墨岣峚 iti /
Ibid.,VI.p.125

[15]:

耻迟办峁�i辫迟补尘奴办补尘补峁噄苍奴辫耻谤补尘别丑颈 测腻尘补岣� /
Ibid.,VII.3