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1 Uttara T膩la

啶夃い啷嵿い啶班�� 啶�啶炧�嵿�氞お啶距ぃ啷嵿く啶距�栢�嵿く啶� 啶粪�熰�嵿お啶苦い啶距お啷佮い啷嵿ぐ啶曕ぞ啶曕�嵿し啶班�� 啷� 啷оエ啷� 啷�
啶呧く啷佮�椸�嵿ぎ啷嬥い啷嵿ぅ啶� 啶�啷嵿げ啷佮い啶距う啷嵿く啶ㄠ�嵿い啶膏�嵿い啶ム�� 啶氞ぞ啶灌ぞ啶む�嵿�� 啶曕�嬥す啶侧�� 啷�
啶︵�嵿さ啷� 啶む�� 啶氞ぞ啶氞お啷佮�熰�� 啶曕�冟い啷嵿さ啶� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦い啷�啶�啷嬥お啶距え啷嵿い啷嵿く啶曕�� 啶曕�嵿ぐ啶�啶距い啷� 啷� 啷оエ啷� 啷�
啶嗋う啷嵿く啶ㄠ�嵿い啶�啷嬥ぐ啷嵿え啶苦く啷佮�溹�嵿く啷堗え啶� 啶粪�熰�嵿お啶苦い啶距お啷佮い啷嵿ぐ啶曕�� 啶掂た啶︵�佮�� 啷�
啶膏え啷嵿え啶苦お啶距い啶多�嵿�� 啶むぞ啶侧ざ啷嵿�� 啶むじ啷嵿く啶距う啷嵿く啶ㄠ�嵿い啷� 啶�啶ムぞ啶曕�嵿ぐ啶�啶�啷� 啷� 啷оエ啷� 啷�
啶︵�嵿さ啶苦ぐ啷嵿ぎ啶о�嵿く啷� 啶むぞ啶侧ざ啶�啷嵿く啷� 啶� 啶�啶距い啶距う啶苦き啷嵿く啷� 啶曕げ啶距さ啶苦ぇ啶苦�� 啷むェ啷┼ウ啶� 啷�

耻迟迟补谤补岣� 辫补帽肠补p膩峁噛膩khya岣� 峁�a峁璸it膩putrak膩k峁�ara岣� || 127 ||
补测耻驳尘辞迟迟丑补岣� plut膩dyantastath膩 c膩h膩tra kohala岣� |
dvau tu 肠腻肠补辫耻峁璦u k峁泃v膩 dvit墨yop膩ntyake kram膩t || 128 ||
腻诲测补苍迟补测辞谤苍颈测耻箩测补颈苍补峁� 峁�a峁璸颈迟腻辫耻迟谤补办补峁� 惫颈诲耻岣� |
蝉补苍苍颈辫腻迟补艣ca 迟腻濒补艣ca tasy膩dyantau yath膩kramam || 129 ||
dvirmadhye 迟腻濒补艣amye ca p膩t膩dibhyo kal膩vidhi岣� |130a | 

鈥�(Dattilam, p.26) 

Dattila presents the following definition of the uttara 迟腻濒补. He says that the uttara 迟腻濒补 which is also called 辫补帽肠补辫腻峁噄 is formed using the 补办峁�a谤补蝉 of 峁�a峁璸颈迟腻辫耻迟谤补办补. It is born of the ayugma (肠腻肠补辫耻峁璦). The first and last syllables are pluta. Having said this, he proceeds to give Kohala鈥檚 definition of the same.

Mukund Lath translates this passage thus鈥�

鈥淗aving juxtaposed two 肠腻肠补辫耻迟补岣�s, place the first syllable at the second in 肠腻肠补辫耻迟补岣� and the final in the last but one in 肠腻肠补辫耻迟补岣�, such is known as 峁�a峁璸颈迟腻辫耻迟谤补办补岣�鈥�^[1]. 

Dattila also says that this 迟腻濒补 begins with a 蝉补苍苍颈辫腻迟补, ends with a 迟腻濒补 and has in the middle, a couple of the set of 迟腻濒补 & 艣补尘测腻. These are the 办补濒腻蝉 in this 迟腻濒补. 

According to Dattila, Kohala places two 肠腻肠补辫耻峁璦s one after the other. Then he places the first syllable of 峁�a峁璸颈迟腻辫耻迟谤补办补 under the second syllable of 肠腻肠补辫耻峁璦.

c膩 ca pu 峁璦岣� c膩 ca pu ta岣�
峁�a峁� pi t膩 put ra ka岣� 

In this case, the formation of the 补峁単补蝉 will be as follows鈥�

S I I S S I I S
艢 I S S I 艢 

The structure of the two 迟腻濒补s, when studied in this manner seem to match quite well. For instance the first and last plutas of 峁�a迟辫颈迟腻辫耻迟谤补办补 can be assumed to be made from the sum of the guru and laghu in the beginning and the end of the 肠腻肠补辫耻迟补蝉 (S+I=艢). This sort of syllabic correspondence is perhaps the reason Dattila says that this 迟腻濒补 is the off-shoot of 肠腻肠补辫耻峁璦. Mukund Lath feels that Dattila quotes Kohala in this context, because this was an easy and practical method to understanding the reason this 迟腻濒补 was believed to be 鈥�补测耻驳尘辞迟迟丑补岣�鈥�.&苍产蝉辫;

It is interesting to note that Kohala has explained a laya迟腻濒补 called 惫颈濒补尘产颈迟腻 (ref. para 2.1.14.7). The definition of 惫颈濒补尘产颈迟腻 has been given by M. R. Kavi as a footnote in his edition of 狈腻峁瓂补艣补蝉迟谤补^[2]. This particular laya迟腻濒补 also has a form that is similar to juxtaposing two 肠腻肠补辫耻峁璦 迟腻濒补s. Since it seems that Kohala was well versed and has expounded several 产丑补峁単补 迟腻濒补-s, laya迟腻濒补s etc., his thought process of trying to interpret a 尘腻谤驳补 迟腻濒补 also in the same manner (juxtaposing two 肠腻肠补辫耻峁璦s) is not surprising. Kohala appears to have explained a 尘腻谤驳补 迟腻濒补, using the mind-set of one who follows a different tradition (that of the 产丑补峁単补 迟腻濒补s).

2 顿惫颈辫补诲墨

啶︵�囙ざ啶ㄠた啶�啶�啶�啷佮�曕�嵿い啷嵿さ啶� 啶曕ぞ啶侧え啶苦く啶�啶�啶�啷嵿く啷屶い啷嵿じ啶班�嵿�椸た啶曕�� 啶むぞ啶掂う啶距す 啶氞い啷佮し啷嵿�曕げ啷� 啶灌��啶むた 啷� 啶むぅ啶� 啶氞�囙い啶� 啶む�囙え啷嬥い啷嵿�曕�嵿し啷囙お啷囙�� 啶�啶む�嵿お啶距う啶膏�嵿く啶�啶むえ啶� 啶むう啷佮い啷嵿い啶�啶距え啶距�� 啶氞い啶膏�冟き啶苦�� 啶曕げ啶距き啶苦�� 啶�啶膏�嵿ぎ啶距い啷嵿い啶︵ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶距ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶曕�嵿ぐ啶�啷囙ぃ 啶�啶о�嵿く啶�啶距ぇ啶�啶�啷嬥�� 啶�啶班た啶�啶距し啶苦い 啶囙い啷嵿く啷佮い啷嵿じ啶班�嵿�椸い啶�啷囙い啶� 啶�啶距さ啶� 啷� 啶むい啷嵿ぐ 啶椸��啶むた啶氞い啷佮し啷嵿�熰く啶� 啶�啶距�椸ぇ啷嵿く啶距う啶� 啶掂�曕�嵿し啷嵿く啶む�� 啶�啶む�嵿い啶む�嵿ぐ啶距ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶�啶距�椸ぇ啷嵿く啶距う啷� 啶曕�嵿ぐ啶�啷囙ぃ 啶氞た啶む�嵿ぐ啶距う啶苦い啷嵿ぐ啶�啶掂た啶ㄠた啶�啷嬥�椸ぞ啶む�� 啷� 鈥溹え啶苦ぎ啷囙し啶距�� 啶�啶炧�嵿�� 啶�啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶膏�嵿く啶距い啷嶁�� 啶囙い啶� 啶曕げ啶距じ啶距ぎ啶距え啷嵿く啶侧�曕�嵿し啶｀げ啶�啷嵿�� 啶斷い啷嵿じ啶班�嵿�椸た啶曕�� 啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ啶む�嵿�� 啶о�嵿ぐ啷佮さ啶曕ぎ啶距ぐ啷嵿�椸�� 啶�啶ㄠ�嵿い啶掂�嵿く啶� 啷� 啶掂た啶多�囙し啶距う啶�啶苦ぇ啶距え啷� 啶む�囙�� 啶о�嵿ぐ啷佮さ啶曕ぎ啶距え啷囙�� 啶氞い啷佮し啷嵿�曕げ啶� 啶�啶距う啶�啶距い啶�, 啶むぅ啶� 啶氞�嬥い啷嵿い啶�啶�啶班た啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦お啶︵�� 啶曕�嬥す啶侧�囙え啷嬥�曕�嵿い啶� 啶膏�嵿く啶距う啷佮い啷嵿い啶�啶距え啶距�� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦お啶︵�� 啶氞い啷佮ぐ啷嵿�椸�佮ぐ啷佮じ啶�啶ㄠ�嵿さ啶苦い啶� 啷� 啶むい啷嵿ぐ啷嬥い啷嵿�曕�嵿し啷囙お啶ㄠた啶�啶距い啶距き啷嵿く啶距�� 啶�啶膏�嵿ぎ啶距い啷嵿お啶距う啶︵�嵿さ啶�啶� 啶�啶掂�囙い啷� 啷� 啶囙い啶�

de艣aniyamamuktv膩 k膩laniyamamapyautsargika峁� t膩vad膩ha catu峁�kalo h墨ti | tath膩 ceti tenotk峁�epe峁嘺 yatp膩dasyapatana峁� taduttam膩n膩峁� catas峁沚hi岣� kal膩bhi岣� yasm膩ttadardh膩rdhakrame峁嘺 madhyam膩dhamayo岣� 辫补谤颈产丑腻峁�i迟补 ityutsargatayeti 产丑腻惫补岣� | tatra 驳墨迟颈catu峁ａ弓aya峁� m膩gadhy膩di vak峁�yate yattatr膩rdham膩gadhy膩dau krame峁嘺 citr膩ditrayaviniyog膩t | 鈥�苍颈尘别峁Ｄ佱弗 辫补帽肠补 尘腻迟谤腻 蝉测腻迟鈥� iti 办补濒腻蝉膩m膩nyalak峁�a峁嘺labdha 补耻迟蝉补谤驳颈办补岣� sarvatra 诲丑谤耻惫补办补尘腻谤驳辞 尘补苍迟补惫测补岣� | vi艣e峁Ｄ乨abhidh膩ne tena dhruvakam膩nena 肠补迟耻峁�k补濒补岣� 辫腻诲补辫腻迟补岣�, tath膩 cottamaparigrahe 诲惫颈辫补诲墨 kohalenokt膩 sy膩duttam膩n膩峁� 诲惫颈辫补诲墨 caturgurusamanvit膩 | tatrotk峁�epanip膩t膩bhy膩峁� yasm膩tp膩dadvaya峁� bhavet || iti 

鈥�(础产丑颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨, Commentary on 12.11, GOS Vol. II, p.133)

In chapter 12 of 狈补蝉峁ａ弓测补艣腻蝉迟谤补, Bharata describes the entry of the different 辫腻迟谤补蝉 (actors) onto the stage, the postures to be adopted, and the prescribed interval between their feet.鈥�

啶�啶距う啶�啷嬥ぐ啶ㄠ�嵿い啶班�� 啶曕ぞ啶班�嵿く啶� 啶︵�嵿さ啷� 啶むぞ啶侧ぞ啶掂ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶�啷囙�� 啶� 啷�
啶�啶距う啷嬥い啷嵿�曕�嵿し啷囙お啶膏�嵿い啷� 啶曕ぐ啷嵿い啶掂�嵿く啶� 啶膏�嵿さ啶�啷嵿ぐ啶�啶距ぃ啶掂た啶ㄠた啶班�嵿ぎ啶苦い啶� 啷� 啷оエ.啷� 啷�
啶氞い啷佮じ啷嵿い啶距げ啷� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦い啶距げ啶粪�嵿�氞ぞ啶�啶� 啶忇�曕い啶距げ啶膏�嵿い啶ム�堗�� 啶� 啷�
啶氞い啷佮じ啷嵿い啶距げ啶膏�嵿い啷� 啶︵�囙さ啶距え啶距�� 啶�啶距ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶苦さ啶距え啶距�� 啶むぅ啷堗さ 啶� 啷� 啷оエ.啷� 啷�
啶︵�嵿さ啶苦い啶距げ啶多�嵿�氞�堗さ 啶�啶о�嵿く啶距え啶距�� 啶むぞ啶侧�� 啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啷�啶ㄠ��啶氞げ啶苦�權�嵿�椸た啶ㄠぞ啶�啷� 啷� 啷оエ.啷оウ啶呧が啷� 啷�

辫腻诲补测辞谤补苍迟补谤补峁� 办腻谤测补峁� dvau t膩l膩vardhameva ca |
p膩dotk峁�epastu kartavya岣� svapram膩峁嘺vinirmita岣� || 12.8 ||
catust膩lo dvi迟腻濒补峁�c膩pi eka迟腻濒补stathaiva ca |
catus迟腻濒补stu dev膩n膩峁� p膩rthiv膩n膩峁� tathaiva ca || 12.9 ||
dvi迟腻濒补艣caiva madhy膩n膩峁� 迟腻濒补岣� str墨苍墨肠补li峁単in膩m | 12.10ab |

鈥�狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of Bharatamuni: 2001: GOS Vol. II: pp.131-132

This is followed by Bharata鈥檚 explanation of the time taken for each step in the case of the different dramatis personae (uttama, madhyama and adhama 辫腻迟谤补蝉). It is in this context that the above excerpt of 础产丑颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨 occurs. 

On the time taken for each step, Bharata says鈥�

啶氞い啷佮し啷嵿�曕げ啷� 啶灌�嵿さ啶�啷佮い啷嵿い啶�啶距え啶距�� 啶�啶о�嵿く啶距え啶距�� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦�曕げ啷� 啶�啶掂�囙い啷� 啷�
啶むぅ啶� 啶氞�堗�曕�曕げ啶� 啶�啶距い啷� 啶ㄠ��啶氞ぞ啶ㄠぞ啶� 啶膏�傕お啷嵿ぐ啶曕��啶班�嵿い啶苦い啶� 啷� 啷оエ.啷оェ 啷�

catu峁�kalo hvayuttam膩n膩峁� madhy膩n膩峁� dvikalo bhavet |
tath膩 caikakala岣� p膩to n墨c膩n膩峁� sa峁僷rak墨rtita岣� || 12.11 ||^[3]

The uttama characters should take the time measure of 肠补迟耻峁�k补濒补, madhya 肠丑补谤补肠迟别谤蝉鈥�dvikala and 苍墨肠补 characters should take a duration of ekakala. 

Abhinava explains that the time taken by uttama-辫腻迟谤补蝉 is 肠补迟耻峁�k补濒补 and the subsequent ones (madhyama and adhama) take half the time of the previous one. He then says that among the four 驳墨迟颈蝉, 补谤诲丑补尘腻驳补诲丑墨, 蝉补尘产丑腻惫颈迟腻 and 辫峁泃丑耻濒腻 must follow the citra, 惫腻谤迟颈办补 and 诲补办峁�i峁嘺 尘腻谤驳补s respectively. The general rule of 办补濒腻蝉 that says 鈥�苍颈尘别峁Ｄ佱弗 辫补帽肠补 尘腻迟谤腻 蝉测腻迟鈥� (five 苍颈尘别峁�a蝉 make a 尘腻迟谤补) is to be understood to refer to the dhruvaka 尘腻谤驳补. This movement of feet in 肠补迟耻峁�k补濒补 must be done in the duration prescribed in the dhruvaka 尘腻谤驳补. At this point Abhinava mentions that Kohala, in the case of uttama-辫腻迟谤补蝉 has prescribed 诲惫颈辫补诲墨. 

According to Kohala, 诲惫颈辫补诲墨 is to be used by the uttama characters. It is made up of four gurus. Of these, two gurus are to be used for lifting a foot up and the other two to place it down. 

In the tradition of Bharata, when a 迟腻濒补 was changed from ekakala to dvikala or 肠补迟耻峁�k补濒补, the entire form of the 迟腻濒补 will undergo a change. For instance when caccatpu峁璦 迟腻濒补 (SSI艢) is rendered in dvikala, each of the 办补濒腻蝉 of the 迟腻濒补 is transformed in to two gurus^[4]. Now the 迟腻濒补 will have four 辫腻诲补产丑腻驳补蝉 with Bharata says that interval between the two feet must be two and a half 迟腻濒补s. Here, 迟腻濒补 refers to a unit of measurement which Abhinava later defines as the distance between the middle finger and the thumb of an stretched-out palm (罢腻濒补岣� 辫谤补蝉腻谤颈迟补-尘补诲丑测补尘腻峁単耻峁ａ弓丑腻苍迟补谤补尘) two gurus each. Catu峁�kala caccatpu峁璦 will have four 辫腻诲补产丑腻驳补蝉 with four gurus each. Thus, the entire form of the 迟腻濒补 gets transformed. However, in the case of 尘腻谤驳补, caccatpu峁璦 迟腻濒补 when rendered in citra 尘腻谤驳补 will have a guru of the duration of two 尘腻迟谤补s^[5], in the 惫腻谤迟颈办补 尘腻谤驳补, this guru takes the duration of four 尘腻迟谤腻s, and in dak峁�ina 尘腻谤驳补 a guru is of the duration of 8 尘腻迟谤腻s. But in each of these cases, the form of the 迟腻濒补 (caccatpu峁璦) remains the same鈥攊.e. SSI艢. The only exception is in the case of dhruva 尘腻谤驳补. If the above mentioned rules for 尘腻谤驳补 are followed, then dhruva 尘腻谤驳补 will have a guru of one 尘腻迟谤腻 duration (the resultant form would have 1+1+ 陆 +1 陆 = 4 尘腻迟谤腻s), but instead it has all four gurus (SSSS).

Abhinava mentions that citra, 惫腻谤迟颈办补 and 诲补办峁�i峁嘺 尘腻谤驳补s are to be used in the case of 补谤诲丑补尘腻驳补诲丑墨, 蝉补尘产丑腻惫颈迟腻 and 辫峁泃丑耻濒腻 驳墨迟颈蝉. By this, he perhaps is trying to show that the 尘腻驳补诲丑墨 驳墨迟颈 is to be rendered on dhruvaka 尘腻谤驳补 alone. The dhruvaka 尘腻谤驳补 has four kalas and is made up of four gurus. On comparison, it can be seen that Kohala too, mentions a duration of four gurus (caturguru samanvit膩) for uttama characters. It is just that he uses the name 诲惫颈辫补诲墨 for this whereas neither Bharata nor Abhinava give names for these. Incidentally V. Raghavan says that 诲惫颈辫补诲墨 is the name of a laya, a musical composition and a dance based on it^[6]. In this case Kohala鈥檚 definition pertains to the variety of laya. It appears that this discussion of Abhinava is intended at ensuring that 肠补迟耻峁�k补濒补 is understood as referring to the dhruvaka 尘腻谤驳补. He says that placing of the feet in 肠补迟耻峁�k补濒补 using the citra 尘腻谤驳补 is not acceptable. And it is in this context perhaps, that he mentions the view of Kohala in order to bring out the similarity between 肠补迟耻峁�k补濒补 in the dhruvaka 尘腻谤驳补 and Kohala鈥檚 诲惫颈辫补诲墨.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

A Study of Dattilam: 1978: pp.327-328

[2]:

狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of Bharatamuni: 2001: GOS Vol. II: p. 155

[3]:

ibid.: p. 132

[4]:

The dvikala form of Caccatpu峁璦 迟腻濒补 will be -SS SS SS SS

[5]:

The duration of five 苍颈尘别峁�a蝉 or the time to utter five short syllables (ka-kha-ga-gha-峁卆 or ka-ca-峁璦-ta-pa) is one 尘腻迟谤腻. The term 尘腻迟谤腻 has different connotations when used in the field of 蝉腻丑颈迟测补 and 蝉补峁単墨迟补. In 蝉腻丑颈迟测补, one 尘腻迟谤腻 would refer to one hrasva syllable. But the 尘腻迟谤腻 in 蝉补峁単墨迟补 would be of the duration of five 丑谤补蝉惫腻办峁�a谤补蝉. In the period of Bharata, the term 尘腻迟谤腻 used in literature and music were different.

[6]:

Uparuspaka- s and 狈峁泃测补辫谤补产补苍诲丑补蝉: 厂补峁僺办峁泃补 搁补峁単补, Annual V: p. 40