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Sraddhas have been variously classified. One classification is that into nitya, naimittika, and kamya. An observance is called nitya when it is laid down that it must be performed on a certain or fixed occasion (such as on every amavasya or on Astaka day). What is laid down for being done on an occasion which is uncertain is called Naimittika such as the birth of a son. What is ordained to be done in case when one desires a certain reward or fruit is called kamya, e.g. the performance of a sraddha on krttika or Rohini by one who desires heaven 105 or progeny. The Brahma Purana states that the Nitya, Naimittika and kamya sraddhas should be performed every year, and in nitya sraddhas, the Visvedevas are not worshipped, whereas in the naimittika sraddhas, they are worshipped (220.11,12). Another classification is that into Ekoddista and and parvana. The parvana sraddha is performed on the 105 Kane P.V., HDS., Vol. IV., P.369.

727 amavasya of a month or in the dark half of Bhadrapada or on sankranti and in it the three paternal ancestors are principally invoked. 106 It is the pattern or norm of the other sradanas. The Brahma Purana provides the following information regarding the parvana sraddha: The pitrs of parvana sraddha are those who have ha The a form (220.66). It should be performed when there is an eclipse, Vyatipata, conjunction of the Sun and Moon in one rasi, Janmanaksatra and grappida (220.53), and also when materials worthy for the sraddha are obtained (220.57,58). It should be performed after the sapindikarana sraddha and after its performance the dead get freedom from the form of pretas and get the form of pitrs (220.63-66). In the parvana Sraddha, first the Visvedevas are invoked (220. 50). If the father is dead and the grandfather is living, the parvana sraddna is not performed (220.209). The Ekoddista sraddha is that in which only one deceased person is intended to be invoked or benefitted. 108 106 Kane P.V., Ibid., Vol. Vol. IV., P. 380. 107 Ibid. P. 426 108 Kane P.V., Vol. IV., P.516.

728 The Brahma Purana provides the following information regarding i the Ekoddista sraddha. When a man gets free from Sutake, he should perform the Ekoddista sraddha. He should perform it either on the 12th day, or at the end of a month or at the end of one and a half months and at the end of every year (220.64). After the cessation of Asaea, the Ekoddista sraddha should be gizon and performed and then the tarpana should be given and Agnihotra should be performed, the gifts should be given to brahmins (220.159). In the absence of a son, a sapinda should perform it, in the absence of a Sahodaka, a dauhitra should perform it (220.75,76). He should perform the Ekoddista sraddha of. the elder brother and paternal uncle if they have no sons (220.59). The pitrs to whom the Ekoddista sraddha are is offered get the name preta (220.67). In it first the Visvedevas are worshipped. For women, the same type of Ekoddista sraddha is performed as that for the men (220.74). 鈥� i The sapindikarana is the reception of a deceased person into the community of pitrs to whom the pindas are Several times were prescribed for the perforThe Brahma Purana 109 offered. mance of this sraddha by the ancient works. states that it should be performed at the end of every year (220.65). The procedure of sapindikarana is 109 Kane P.V., Vol. IV., P. 520.

729 110 The Brahma Purana (220.69-73) described in numerous works. states that this sraddha does not include the worship of Visvedevas. Only one arghya is offered and one pavitraka is enjoined. The rites of Agnikarana and avahana too are not to be performed. $ A number of ayugma brahmins are to be invited. and filled with sandalwood paste, water and sesanam grains, one being for the deceased and three for his paternal ancestors. Arghya is to be offered to the brahmana representing the preta with the mantras 'Ye Samahah' and then the water is released in the water of the pitrs. The remaining rites are performed according to the other sraddhas, when the sapindikerana rite is completed, then the preta ceases to be so and himself becomes a pitr (220.66). The status of being a preta involves the experiencing of great torments due to hunger and thirst and becoming a pitr means being brought in contact with the sreddha devatas called Vasu, Rudra and Aditya.111 result of the sapindikarana is that the great grandfather of the deceased whose sapindikarana is performed drops out from the list of pitrs entitled to pinda and acemas, becomes Four vessels for arghya should be got ready The 110 San. gr. V, S, Kausitaki Gr. IV.,2; Baud. Pitrmedha sutra III.12.12, Katyayana's sraddhasutra kandika 5, Yaj.1.253-264, Visnu III.13.27, Visnu Dh.S.21. 12-23, Padma (srsti 10.22-23). 111 Kane P.V., Vol.IV, P.523.

730 One called lepabha (entitled to only wipings of the hand) and the former preta becomes one of the pitrs and entitled to participate in the pindas offered at a parvana sraddha thereafter (220.82-87). In the absence of a son, the sapindikarana sraddha is not performed.112 It is also not performed in the case when the father is dead and the grandfather is living (220.209). Abhyudayika Sraddha:- According to most of the sutras 113 this sraddha is performed when there is a lucky event such as the birth of a son, or his caula, upanayana or marriage or there is commencement of a charitable, act. The Brahma Purana states that it should be performed on the Astaka, manvantara and Anvastaka tithis and it starts with the Matr class, i.e. in it first the mother, grandmother and the great grandmother are invoked and then great grandfather are invoked (220.52). Vrddhi Sraddha:- When Yajnavalkya (I.25) says that the Nandimukha Pitrs should be worshipped with pindas 100 (220.74); cf. Mark. 28.18. 10% Asv. Gr. II.5.13-15, San.gr. III.12.2-5, Gobhila gr. IV. 3.35-37, Kausiki gr. IV.4, Baud. gr.III.12.2-5.

731 when there is vrddhi(a lucky or auspicious event), he indicates same thing . According to Brahma Purana (220.13-14) it should be performed in the Jatakarmasamskaras. It should be performed in the dark half when the Sun occupies the Kanyarasi. It starts with the recitation of mantras and two Brahmins are invited. Daksina Several 114 works provide us with the information about the gifts to be given to the Brahmins at the time of sraddha. The Brahma Purana (219.83) states that the daksina to Brahmins should be given in silver coins. The food with corn should be given (219.81). The dana of food mixed with jaggery, sesame and honey entails endless merit (220.30,31). The clothes that are to be given should be well-washed, white and two angulas long (219.77). The dana of silk, cotton or uncut cloth in sraddha gives the highest enjoyment (220.138). The cloth of sana also can be given (220.146,147), but the dana of wool or patavastra should not be given. One should not give cloth which has a border because the pitrs are not satisfied by it (220.146-147). 114 The topic of vrsotsarga or the letting loose of Skanda (Vi.218.12-14), Asramavasikaparva (14.3-4), Vayu ch.80, Santiparva ch, 42.7, Asvamedhikaparva (62.2-5), Anusasanaparva (ch.96).

732 a bull has been dealt with by several sutra works. 115 The Brahma Purana states that if one of the descendants goes to Gaya or betrothes a daughter or releases a blue bull, it gives complete satisfaction to pitrs and one gets the highest status(220.32,33).