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The Brahma-purana describes in details the worship In of lord krsna, Balarama and Subhadra in Orissa. It states that in Bharatavarsa, there is a country called Ondra situated on the shores of the southern ocean, which extends northwards from the sea upto Viraja Mandala (28.1-2). that country there is a holy place which destroys sins, bestows liberation, is surrounded on all the sides by sand and is ten yojanas in extent (42.13-14). On account of the grace of the all-pervading lord Jagannatha, the holy shrine of lord Purusottama is situated in the country of Utkala (42.35-37). Men who reside in Utkala are holy since the lord Purusottama resides there. 1 ERE., Vol. 12, PP.795-96. Chapters 43 and 44

668 He read the vedas, sastras, narrate the story how the images of lord krsna, Balarama and Subhadra came to be established in Jagannathapuri. It states that there was a pious and learned king Indradyumna who ruled at Avanti in Malava. epics, puranasz and Dharmasastras and came to the conclusion that Vasudeva was the highest deity and started from his capital Ujjayini with a vast army, servants, priests and artisans and came to the shores of the southern sea. He saw the ksetra of Vasudeva, ten yojanas in breadth and five yojanas in length and encamped there. Formerly there was a vata tree on the shores of the southern sea,near which there was an image of Purusottama or Jagannatha made of sapphire (45.71,78.3) which was covered up by sand and was concealed by creepers and plants. King Indradyumna performed Asvamedha there, erected a great temple and was anxious to establish a suitable image of Vasudeva in the temple. In a dream, the king saw Vasudeva who told him to go alone to the shore in the morning and cut the vata tree growing just on the water line with an axe. The king did so in the morning and then two brahmins, who were really Visnu and Visvakarma, appeared. Visnu told the king that his associate will manufacture the image. Three images of krsna, Balarama and Subhadra were made and were given to the king The king then established the three images in

2 6 69 the temple built by them. The Brahma Purana, further, relates the mode of worshippOne should 鈽� Then he ing lord krsna, Balarama and Subhadra. A pilgrim who bows to the image of Garuda situated in front of that of krsna gets freedom from sins and goes to Visnuloka. thrice circumambulate the temple of Jagannatha. should worship lord Balarama with the mantra noted below.3 After that one should worship krsna with the twelve-lettered mantra.4 It is said that one who worships lord krsna with the above mantra gets liberation (57.30). After that one should praise lord krsna and the Brahma Purana further states that on seeing the lord krsna one gets various rewards like the merit of thousand Asvamedhas, the merit of snana and dana at all the tirthas, that of the performance of all the sacrifices, that of the observance of the regularities of all the four asramas and by worshipping Krsna finally one gets liberation (57.41-51). After that one should worship the goddess Subhadra with the mantra noted below.5 2 Hunter gives a somewhat different account based on Kapila - samhita, vide his 'Orissa' Vol.I,PP.89-94; also cf. Naradiya P., Uttarardha, 52.41-93,53-57, 58.1-21, 60-4; vide also 'Jagannathapuri and Orissa'in Gujarati by Dr. B.G.Sandesara. 3 Namaste Haladhrugrama namaste Musalayudha | namaste revatikanta namaste bhaktavatsala || namaste Balinam srestha namaste dharanidhara Pralambare namastestu trahi mam krsnapurvaja ||(57.22-23). 4 Om namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya. 5 Namaste Sarvage devi namaste subhasaukhyade 1 Trahi mam Padmapatraksi katyayani namostu te 11 57.58.

620 The temple of lord krsna, Balarama and Subhadra is bright like heated gold. It is decorated by jewels and banners, It is surrounded by palaces and has four doors. It is surrounded by seven cities. The first is that of gold, the second is of Marakata, the third of sapphire, the fourth of Mahanila, the fifth of Padmaraga, the sixth of Vajra and the seventh of Vaidurya (68.38-42). On the purnima in the naksatra Jyestha of the month Jyestha, the bath ceremony of lord krsna, Balarama and Subhadra takes place. It was considered to be a great festival and the Brahma Purana relates how it was celebrated. A high platform was constructed and it was decorated with clothes, flowers, Dhupa and a white cloth was spread over it. Musical instruments were played and the vedas and the mantras were recited, camaras were waved and the divine beings prayed in the sky. Amid all these festivals, the bath ceremony took place (A.65). Ward describes the rites of the snana-yatra or the ceremonial bathing of the lord and the ratha-yatra or car procession. In the first held in the month of Jyestha, Brahmins, in the midst of an immense concourse of spectators bathe the god by pouring water on his head, while incantations are recited. The worshippers prostrate themselves before the image, and depart after 6 Hindoos, ii. 164 ff.

671 being assured by the priests that they shall not be subject to rebirth, but be admitted to heaven after the death of the body. About 17 days after this rite, the ratha-yatra is performed. The idol after being worshipped is placed in an enormous car. Jagannatha here is accompanied by his brother, Balarama, and his sister, Subhadra. As these idols are moved, an attendant fans them with a tail of

682 in Puri is that of Alabukesvara built by Lalatendu Kesari (623-677 A.D.), the builder of the tower of Bhuvanesvara, the next oldest is Markandesvara and next comes the great temple of Jagannatha. Manmohan Chakravarti 10 quotes two verses from the Gangavamsa copper plates of Orissa which state that Gangesvara alias Codagana built the great temple of Purusottama. As Colaganza's coronation took place in saka 999 (i.e. 1078 A.D.), he comes to the conclusions that the temple of Jagannatha was built about 1085-1090 A.D. Dr. D.C.Sirkarll points out that the celebrated Oriya Chronical Madala Punji attributes the construction of Purusottama Jagannatha not to Codaganza but to his great grandson Ananga-bhima II, who also installed an image of Purusottama in a temple at Varanasi kataka which was decorated by Sultan Firozshah. These Ganga kings built magnificent temples at Bhuvanesvara (ancient Ekamra), konarka, and Puri, which are the finest surviving specimens of North Indian Hindu architecture. Mitra 12 and Hunter 13 note that Anangabhima wanted to eclipse the grand tower of Bhuvanesvara and renovated the temple of Jagannatha in saka 119 1.e. 1198 A.D. Kane P.V. holds that the holy place of 10 Paper on the date of Jagannatha temple in Puri (J.A.S.B. Vol. 67 for 1898, Part I, PP. 328-331. 11 God Purusottama at PurI, J.O.R.Madras, Vol.17, PP.209- 215. 12 Antiquities of Orissa, Vol.II, PP.109.110. 13 Orissa, Vol. I, PP. 100-102.

673 Purusottama was called nilacala in very ancient times, that krsna worship was introduced from northern India at * 鈥� that place, and that three images of wood were established 14 in comparatively early times. In the MaitrayanI up. 鈻� I. 4, a king Indradyumna is named among a host of cakravartins.