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罢辞濒办腻辫辫颈测补尘 says that a wife after marriage, though she extols a coutesan, has in mind the feeling of jealousy and the consequent love quarrel with her husband.

办补峁焢耻-惫补岣籭-p pa峁�峁璦va岣� parattaiyai y-膿tti峁塽m
u岣丰阜at t-奴峁璦 l-u峁囜弓e峁塧 mo岣籭pa.^[1]

There are four reasons that cause this anger or jealousy. Bharata enumerates these reasons that generate censure, anger or jealousy and the method of their portrayal on stage.

啶�啶む�嵿ぐ 啶膏�嵿え啷囙す啷� 啶�啶掂�囙い啷嵿い啶む�嵿�� 啶灌��啶班�嵿し啷嵿く啶� 啶�啶︵え啶膏ぎ啷嵿き啶掂�� 啷�
啶氞い啶膏�嵿ぐ啷� 啶�啷嬥え啶�啶膏�嵿い啶膏�嵿く啶距�� 啶曕��啶班�嵿い啷嵿く啶�啶距え啶� 啶ㄠた啶�啷嬥ぇ啶� 啷�
啶掂�堗ぎ啶ㄠじ啷嵿く啶� 啶掂�嵿く啶侧��啶曕�� 啶� 啶掂た啶�啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶� 啶�啶ㄠ�嵿く啷佮ぐ啷囙さ 啶� 啷�
啶忇い啷囙し啶距�� 啶膏ぎ啷嵿お啷嵿ぐ啶掂�曕�嵿し啷嵿く啶距ぎ啶� 啶侧�曕�嵿し啶｀ぞ啶ㄠた 啶�啶ムぞ啶曕�嵿ぐ啶�啶�啷� 啷�

yatra sneho bhavettatra h墨r峁�y膩 madanasambhav膩 |
catasro yonayastasy膩岣� k墨rtyam膩n膩 nibodhata ||
vaimanasya峁� 惫测补濒墨办补峁� ca vipriya峁� manyureva ca |
ete峁Ｄ佱箖 sampravak峁�y膩mi lak峁�a峁嚹乶i yath膩kramam ||^[2]

Where affection is present, anger caused by love is likely to be present. There are four different reasons causing anger. They are鈥搀补颈尘补苍补蝉测补 (Distraction of mind, depression, sorrow) 惫测补濒墨办补 (displeasure) Vipriya (disagreeable or wrong act) manyu (anger).

啶ㄠた啶︵�嵿ぐ啶距�栢�囙う啶距げ啶膏�椸い啶苦�� 啶膏�氞た啶灌�嵿え啶� 啶膏ぐ啶膏さ啷嵿ぐ啶｀ぎ啷� 啷�
啶忇さ啶傕さ啶苦ぇ啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶� 啶︵�冟し啷嵿�熰�嵿さ啶� 啶掂�堗ぎ啶ㄠじ啷嵿く啶� 啶�啶掂�囙い啷� 啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶距�� 啷�
啶む��啶掂�嵿ぐ啶距き啷嵿く啶膏�傕く啶苦い啶距さ啷囙�曕�嵿し啶｀�囙�� 啶班�嬥し啶�啷嵿ぐ啶曕ぎ啷嵿お啶�啶距え啶距�權�嵿�椸�嵿く啶� 啷�
啶膏ぞ啶о�嵿さ啶苦い啶� 啶膏�佮し啷嵿�熰�嵿さ啶苦い啶� 啶掂�氞え啷堗�� 啶多�嬥き啶� 啶囙い啷嵿く啷囙さ啶�啶�啶苦え啷囙く啶�啷� 啷�

nidr膩khed膩lasagati峁� sacihna峁� sarasavra峁嘺m |
eva峁僾idha峁� priya峁� d峁涐梗峁璿膩 vaimanasya峁� bhavet striy膩岣� ||
t墨vr膩bhyas奴yit膩vek峁�a峁噀na ro峁�aprakampam膩n膩峁単y膩 |
s膩dhviti su峁ａ弓viti vacanai岣� 艣obhata ityevamabhineyam ||^[3]

A woman feels depressed when she notices her lover is sleepy, with lassitude, marks and wounds inflicted during the course of dalliance with another lady.This should be expressed by showing intense jealousy, anger, quivering lips and words like well done! Excellent! among others.

啶�啶灌�佮ぇ啶� 啶掂ぞ啶班�嵿く啶�啶距ぃ啷嬥そ啶�啶� 啶�啶膏�嵿い啶む�嵿ぐ啷堗�� 啶灌た 啶むた啶粪�嵿�犩い啶� 啷�
啶膏�權�嵿�樴ぐ啷嵿し啶氞�嵿�氞ぞ啶む�嵿ぐ 啶�啶距い啷嵿じ啶班�嵿く啶距う啷� 啶掂�嵿く啶侧��啶曕�� 啶溹ぞ啶�啶む�� 啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶距�� 啷�
啶曕�冟い啷嵿さ啷嬥ぐ啶膏�� 啶掂ぞ啶�啶曕ぐ啶� 啶︵�曕�嵿し啶苦ぃ啶灌じ啷嵿い啶� 啶むぅ啶� 啶掂た啶о�佮え啷嵿さ啶む�嵿く 啷�
啶氞ぐ啶｀さ啶苦え啶苦�曕�嵿し啷囙お啷囙ぃ 啶� 啶曕ぞ啶班�嵿く啷嬥そ啶�啶苦え啶�啷� 啶掂�嵿く啶侧��啶曕�囙い啷� 啷�

bahudh膩 v膩ryam膩峁噊'pi yastatraiva hi ti峁ａ弓hati |
sa峁単har峁�acc膩tra m膩tsary膩d 惫测补濒墨办补峁� j膩yate striy膩岣� ||
k峁泃vorasi v膩makara峁� dak峁�i峁嘺hasta峁� tath膩 vidhunvatya ||
cara峁嘺vinik峁�epe峁嘺 ca k膩ryo'bhinayo vyal墨ketu ||^[4]

Displeasure, in the form of mental tension, is caused in women, aroused by jealousy, when the lover continues to stand or stay even after being dismissed several times. Displeasure is expressed with actions like placing left hand on chest, swinging the right hand violently and kicking of foot.

啶溹��啶掂え啷嵿い啷嵿く啶距�� 啶む�嵿さ啶�啶� 啶溹��啶掂ぞ啶�啶� 啶︵ぞ啶膏�嬥そ啶灌�� 啶む�嵿さ啶� 啶� 啶�啷� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶� 啷�
啶夃�曕�嵿い啷嵿さ啷堗さ啶� 啶�啷嬥そ啶ㄠ�嵿く啶ムぞ 啶曕�佮ぐ啷嵿く啶距う啷� 啶掂た啶�啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶� 啶むい啷嵿ぐ 啶溹ぞ啶�啶む�� 啷�
啶︵�傕い啷�啶侧�囙�栢お啷嵿ぐ啶むた啶掂�氞え啶�啷囙う啶ㄠ�堗�� 啶曕�嵿ぐ啷嬥ぇ啶灌じ啶苦い啶班�佮う啶苦い啷堗ざ啷嵿�� 啷�
啶掂た啶�啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶曕ぐ啶｀�囙そ啶�啶苦え啶�啶� 啶膏ざ啶苦ぐ啶� 啶曕ぎ啷嵿お啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶�啷嬥�曕�嵿い啶掂�嵿く啶� 啷�

j墨vanty膩峁� tvayi j墨v膩mi d膩so'ha峁� tva峁� ca me priy膩 |
uktvaiva峁� yo'nyath膩 kury膩d vipriya峁� tatra j膩yate ||
d奴t墨lekhaprativacanabhedanai岣� krodhahasitaruditai艣ca |
vipriyakara峁噀'bhinaya岣� sa艣ira岣� kampa岣� prayoktavya岣� ||^[5]

Offence or Vipriya is born in a woman when her love who once said "I will live as long as you live. I am your slave, you are my beloved鈥�, now acts differently. Sending the messenger with letters and receiving no replies, the lady feels offended and expresses it with shaking of head and crying with anger and laughter.

啶�啷嵿ぐ啶むた啶�啶曕�嵿し啶膏�曕ぞ啶多ぞ啶む�嵿い啷� 啶�啶� 啶膏�屶き啶距�椸�嵿く啶掂た啶曕い啷嵿ぅ啶ㄠ�� 啷�
啶夃お啶膏ぐ啷嵿お啷囙い啷� 啶膏�氞た啶灌�嵿え啶膏�嵿い啷� 啶�啶ㄠ�嵿く啷佮じ啷嵿い啶む�嵿ぐ啷嬥お啶溹ぞ啶�啶む�� 啷�
啶掂げ啶�啶�啶班た啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啶ㄠ�堗ぐ啶� 啶膏�佮ざ啶苦ぅ啶苦げ啶�啷佮い啷嵿�曕�嵿し啷囙お啶｀�囙�� 啶班ざ啶ㄠぞ啶�啶距�� 啷�
啶�啶ㄠ�嵿く啷佮じ啷嵿い啷嵿さ啶�啶苦え啷囙い啶掂�嵿く啶� 啶膏ざ啶權�嵿�曕た啶む�� 啶�啶距し啷嵿お啶�啷嬥�曕�嵿し啷堗ざ啷嵿�� 啷�

pratipak峁�asak膩艣膩ttu ya岣� saubh膩gyavikatthana岣� |
upasarpet sacihnastu manyustatropaj膩yate ||
valayaparivartanairatha su艣ithilamutk峁�epa峁噀na ra艣an膩y膩岣� |
manyustvabhinetavya岣� sa艣a峁卥ita峁� b膩峁�pamok峁�ai艣ca ||^[6]

A woman feels angry when the lover comes to her with marks of dalliance with the rival woman and raving about his good fortune. Anger should be represented by rotating the bangles with suspicion, adjusting the girdle and shedding of tears.

啶︵�冟し啷嵿�熰�嵿さ啶� 啶膏�嵿ぅ啶苦い啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶むぎ啶� 啶膏ざ啶權�嵿�曕た啶む�� 啶膏ぞ啶�啶班ぞ啶оぎ啶むた啶侧�溹�嵿�溹ぞ啶�啷� 啷�
啶堗し啷嵿く啶距さ啶氞え啶膏ぎ啷佮い啷嵿ぅ啷堗�� 啶栢�囙う啶�啶苦い啶掂�嵿く啷� 啶灌�嵿く啷佮お啶距げ啶�啷嵿き啷堗�� 啷�
啶� 啶� 啶ㄠた啶粪�嵿�犩�佮ぐ啶�啶�啶苦き啶距し啷嵿く啷� 啶� 啶氞ぞ啶�啷嵿く啶むた啶曕�嵿ぐ啷嬥ぇ啶ㄠじ啷嵿い啷� 啶�啶班た啶灌ぞ啶膏�嵿く啶� 啷�
啶�啶距し啷嵿お啷嬥え啷嵿ぎ啶苦ざ啷嵿ぐ啷堗ぐ啷嵿さ啶氞え啷堗ぐ啶距い啷嵿ぎ啷嬥お啶ㄠ�嵿く啶距じ啶膏�傕く啷佮�曕�嵿い啷堗�� 啷�

d峁涐梗峁璿膩 sthita峁� priyatam膩 sa艣a峁卥ita峁� s膩par膩dhamatilajj膩m |
墨峁�y膩vacanasamutthai岣� khedayitavyo hyup膩lambhai岣� ||
na ca ni峁ａ弓huramabhibh膩峁�yo na c膩pyatikrodhanastu parih膩sya岣� |
b膩峁�ponmi艣rairvacanair膩tmopany膩sasa峁儁uktai岣� ||^[7]

Seeing the lover who is ashamed of his deeds, the angry woman should rebuke him. If he is a cruel one then she should not speak harshly or sarcastically to him. Instead she should speak with a voice filled with self pity and tears.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

鈥淧orulatikaram of Tolkappiyam,鈥� V. ccxxx. 130.

[2]:

狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, XXIV. cclx鈥揷clxi. 682鈥�683.

[3]:

Ibid., XXIV. cclxii鈥揷clxiii. 683.

[4]:

Ibid., XXIV. cclxiv鈥揷clxv. 683.

[5]:

Ibid., XXIV. cclxvi鈥揷clxvii. 683.

[6]:

Ibid., XXIV. cclxviii鈥揷clxix. 684.

[7]:

Ibid., XXIV. cclxx鈥揷clxxi. 684.