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Origin.

艢补苍迟补苍耻, a celebrated King of 颁补苍诲谤补惫补峁兣沘 (lunar dynasty) had two wives, 骋补峁単腻 and 厂补迟测补惫补迟墨. 叠丑墨峁�m补 was the son of 骋补峁単腻. After the birth of 叠丑墨峁�m补 骋补峁単腻 his mother went to heaven. After that 艢补苍迟补苍耻 married 厂补迟测补惫补迟墨, mother of 痴测腻蝉补. 厂补迟测补惫补迟墨 got two sons, 颁颈迟谤腻峁単补诲补 and 痴颈肠颈迟谤补惫墨谤测补. Even while a bachelor, 颁颈迟谤腻峁単补诲补 was killed by a Gandharva of the same name. So 痴颈肠颈迟谤补惫墨谤测补 became King on 艢补苍迟补苍耻鈥檚 death. 叠丑墨峁�m补 forcibly brought the three daughters of the King of 碍腻艣墨 named 础尘产腻, 础尘产颈办腻 and 础尘产腻lik膩 for 痴颈肠颈迟谤补惫墨谤测补 to marry. But knowing that 础尘产腻 was in love with the King of 厂腻濒惫补, 叠丑墨峁�m补 let her off on the way. 础尘产颈办腻 and 础尘产腻lik膩 became the wives of 痴颈肠颈迟谤补惫墨谤测补. But for a long time they had no sons.

At that time 厂补迟测补惫补迟墨, mother of 痴颈肠颈迟谤补惫墨谤测补, sent for 痴测腻蝉补 her eldest son and asked him to beget sons of 础尘产颈办腻 and 础尘产腻lik膩. 础尘产颈办腻 got 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 of 痴测腻蝉补 and 础尘产腻lik膩, 笔腻峁囜笉耻, father of the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 was born blind and he married 骋腻苍诲丑腻谤墨. 笔腻峁囜笉耻 was born pale-white in colour and he married 碍耻苍迟墨 mother of the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉.

碍耻苍迟墨 was the sister of Vasudeva, father of 艢r墨 碍峁涐梗峁嘺. The real name of 碍耻苍迟墨 was 笔峁泃丑腻. 艢奴谤补蝉别苍补, King of the 驰腻诲补惫补蝉, was the father of 碍耻苍迟墨 and Vasudeva. Because Kuntibhoja son of 厂奴谤补蝉别苍补鈥檚 sister, had no issues 碍耻苍迟墨 was sent to the palace of Kuntibhoja and she grew up there. 笔峁泃丑腻 got the name of 碍耻苍迟墨 because of that. Besides 碍耻苍迟墨, 笔腻峁囜笉耻 had another wife named 惭腻诲谤墨.

While she was living in the palace of Kuntibhoja the sage 顿耻谤惫腻蝉补蝉 came and stayed in the palace as the king鈥檚 guest. 碍耻苍迟墨 was a little girl then and yet she served the sage with such care, patience and devotion that the sage was greatly pleased with her and gave her a divine mantra. He said: "If you call upon any god repeating this mantra he will manifest himself to you and bless you with a son equal to him in glory and valour. You can use this only five times." The impatient curiosity of youth made 碍耻苍迟墨 give a test to the power of the mantra and though unmarried she invoked the Sun. The Sun immediately presented himself before her and by his grace she conceived and got a son whom she secretly set afloat in a river. A childless charioteer named Adhiratha happened to see the child and he took it home and brought it up. When he grew up he was sent to 贬补蝉迟颈苍腻辫耻谤补 and the sons of 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 took him in their service. He was 碍补谤峁嘺, the celebrated warrior of the Kauravas. 碍耻苍迟墨 married 笔腻峁囜笉耻 after the birth of 碍补谤峁嘺.

顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 got of 骋腻苍诲丑腻谤墨 a hundred sons and a daughter named 顿耻艣艣补濒腻. The children of 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 were known as Kauravas or 顿丑腻谤迟补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补蝉. 笔腻峁囜笉耻 had a curse that he would die the moment he entered into sexual sport with his wives. (See under Kindama). So under instructions from her husband 碍耻苍迟墨 invoked Dharma, 痴腻测耻 and Indra and got the sons 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补, 叠丑墨尘补蝉别苍补 and Arjuna. She gave the remaining one chance to 惭腻诲谤墨 and 惭腻诲谤墨 invoked the two A艣vin墨devas, 狈腻蝉补迟测补 and Dasra and got two sons named Nakula and Sahadeva. All these five were accepted as the sons of 笔腻峁囜笉耻 and so they got the name of 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. (Upto Chapter 123, 膧di Parva).

Life in 贬补蝉迟颈苍腻辫耻谤补 and the lac-palace incident.

After the birth of the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉, 笔腻峁囜笉耻 with his wife and children spent a very long time in the forest of 艢补迟补艣峁涐箙驳补. 碍补艣测补辫补, the royal priest of Vasudeva, performed the Upanayana (investiture with the sacred thread) and such other religious ceremonies ordained for boyhood. They were educated under the sage 艢耻办补. One day in the Spring season 笔腻峁囜笉耻鈥檚 resolution broke down under the exhilarating influence of the season and he caught hold of 惭腻诲谤墨 and embraced her despite earnest and repeated protests from 惭腻诲谤墨. At once the curse of the sage took effect and 笔腻峁囜笉耻 fell dead. It was the custom then that the wife should end her life in the funeral pyre of her husband and so 碍耻苍迟墨 and 惭腻诲谤墨 came forward to do so. But 惭腻诲谤墨 said that one of them should live to take care of the children and so entrusting her children also to the care of 碍耻苍迟墨, 惭腻诲谤墨 jumped into the funeral pyre and ended her life. The sages of the 艢补迟补艣峁涐箙驳补 forest took the children and 碍耻苍迟墨 to 贬补蝉迟颈苍腻辫耻谤补 and handing them over to the charge of 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 came back.

The 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 grew up in 贬补蝉迟颈苍腻辫耻谤补 along with the Kauravas. But there was no real affection or intimacy between them. The naturally strong 叠丑墨尘补 found it a sport to tease and torment the Kauravas whenever he got an opportunity. Gradually as the teasings of 叠丑墨尘补 became unbearable a wicked thought of somehow putting an end to 叠丑墨尘补鈥檚 life found place in the minds of the Kauravas. They once poisoned 叠丑墨尘补 and binding him tight with ropes threw him into the ocean. But 叠丑墨尘补 went to the world of the 狈腻驳补蝉 and came back unscathed with added siddhis (acquired power). This annoyed the Kauravas.

It was at this time that 顿谤辞峁嘺 a renowned preceptor in archery, came to 贬补蝉迟颈苍腻辫耻谤补. 叠丑墨峁�m补 enrolled the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 and the Kauravas as disciples of 顿谤辞峁嘺. Arjuna became an extraordinarily brilliant bow-man. This came off as another reason for the Kauravas to drift away from the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. After the end of their course of education a contest was held in which Arjuna ranked first. The time came for Gurudak峁�i峁� (fees paid in bulk at the end of the studies to a preceptor). 顿谤辞峁嘺 asked his disciples to bring king Drupada bound hand and foot before him. The Kauravas failed in that mission and the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 under the leadership of Arjuna fulfilled the demand of their Guru.

When the training and 骋耻谤耻诲补办峁�i峁嚹� were over, 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 crowned 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 as the heir-apparent and this increased the power and status of the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 in 贬补蝉迟颈苍腻辫耻谤补. The jealousy of Duryodhana knew no bounds when he found the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 in the pinnacle of power and popularity. He decided to kill them. He therefore, built a new palace in a place called 痴腻谤补峁嚹乿补迟补 and with the permission of 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 made them change their residence to the new building. The new building was cunningly built of lac and other combustible material. The wise and intelligent Vidura knew this deceit beforehand and so he had warned the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 of the danger through a messenger named Khanaka. The 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 had, therefore, made ready a secret passage by underground to escape from the building when an emergency arose. The passage was to lead them from the palace to the forest nearby. One night Purocana, a minister of Duryodhana, came stealthily and set fire to the palace. The 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 with their mother 碍耻苍迟墨 escaped from the palace to the forest nearby. That night a huntress and her five sons were sleeping in a part of the building and they were burnt to death. They were all sleeping fully drunk and so could not escape from the building. Purocana also was burnt to death. Thus the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 had to go away from 贬补蝉迟颈苍腻辫耻谤补 for a brief period.

The Exile and its end.

The Kauravas thought that 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 died in the fire and in that belief conducted the funeral rites of their brothers. The 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 after their escape from the fire walked a long distance through the forests and came to the banks of the river 骋补峁単腻. On their way a demon named 贬颈岣峣尘产补 attacked them and 叠丑墨尘补 killed him but at the request of Dharmaputra married his sister 贬颈岣峣尘产墨. After that while they were continuing their journey crossing the river a Gandharva of name Citraratha attacked them. Citraratha was defeated in a battle and he later became friendly with the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. He gave them many valuable presents and also narrated to them the story of Tapat墨sa峁僾ara峁嘺. Then they went and stayed in the house of a brahmin in the village of 贰办补肠补办谤腻. It was at that time that the 厂惫补测补峁僾补谤补 of 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨 was held. The 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 went for the 厂惫补测补峁僾补谤补 and married 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨. The news then spread that 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 were not dead but still alive. 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 then sent for them and the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 returned to their palace in 贬补蝉迟颈苍腻辫耻谤补. 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 was crowned as King of half of the country and he built his palace in a place known as 碍丑腻峁囜笉补惫补辫谤补蝉迟丑补. The palace was designed and built by a demon named Maya with beautiful Crystals and costly diamonds. When the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 were living there 狈腻谤补诲补 went to them once. He suggested that 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨 should remain as wife to the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 in turn, one year each to one of them. They accepted the suggestion and started living like that. 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 married 顿别惫颈办腻, daughter of King 艢颈产颈, also. (艢濒辞办补 70, Chapter 95, 膧di Parva). 叠丑墨尘补蝉别苍补 and Arjuna with the help of 艢r墨 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 slew 闯补谤腻蝉补苍诲丑补. After that they conducted a victory march over the country and established their overlordship by conducting successfully a R膩jas奴ya yaj帽a. Duryodhana and his brothers once visited Indraprastha, the palace of the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. They were fooled at the palace and this enraged them. Duryodhana invited Dharmaputra for a game of dice and the latter lost everything. Yet 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 gave them back everything and sent them to Indraprastha again. Before Dharmaputra reached the palace Duryodhana once again challenged him for a game of dice. Despite protesis from all sides Dharmaputra went and played and lost again everything. To fulfil the conditions of the game 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 went to the forests with his brothers and wife to spend twelve years in exile and a year incognito. At that time 碍耻苍迟墨 lived with Vidura.

It was during this period of exile that the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 got the Ak峁�ayap膩tra (never-empty pot) from the Sun. They dwelt first in Dvaitavana and then in K膩myakavana. Then they went to the mountain of 骋补苍诲丑补尘腻诲补苍补 and from there to 叠补诲补谤颈办腻艣谤补尘补. From there they came back again to K膩myakavana and while they were living there Duryodhana and his men went to that forest to see the sufferings of the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 and gloat on their sad plight. But Citrasena, a Gandharva, captured Duryodhana and Arjuna got him released. Duryodhana sent 顿耻谤惫腻蝉补蝉 to tease Dharmaputra but the sage was sent back after being received duly and well-attended to earn his blessings. During their stay in that forest Jayadratha kidnapped 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨 but the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 rescued her immediately. They went from there again to Dvaitavana. Dharmadeva tested them once while they were there. The twelve years of exile came to an end and as per directions from Dharmadeva they spent their incognito period of one year in the court of the King of 痴颈谤腻峁璦. After the end of their incognito life the King of 痴颈谤腻峁璦 gave in marriage his daughter 鲍迟迟补谤腻 to Abhimanyu son of Arjuna.

Even after the return of the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 from the forests after successfully fulfilling the conditions of the game, Duryodhana showed obstinate reluctance to part with even five pin-points of land in favour of the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. A peace mission of 艢r墨 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 from the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 to avoid a war and settle matters amicably to 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 failed and the stage was set for a grea battle between the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 and the Kauravas.

Ascension to Heaven.

A great and grim battle was fought at 碍耻谤耻办峁�e迟谤补 between the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 and the Kauravas lasting for eighteen days. 艢r墨 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 neither fought nor took arms even once against the Kauravas but acted as the charioteer of Arjuna. When the war came to an end the Kauravas were completely annihilated.

驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 became King. He performed an 础艣惫补尘别诲丑补 Y膩ga. After a few years of reign the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 crowned 笔补谤墨办峁�i迟, son of Abhimanyu, as the King and started for their Mah膩prasth膩na (departing this life). They walked in a line in the order of their age, Dharmaputra leading and 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨 following last. At first 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨 fell dead, but nobody turned back. Then Sahadeva fell and nobody worried. This continued thus till Dharmaputra was left alone. A dog which followed them from their very start also remained alive with Dharmaputra. The dog was none other than Dharmadeva, father of Dharmaputra. When Dharmaputra reached the top of the 贬颈尘腻濒补测补蝉 Indra was there ready with the divine car to take him to heaven. But Dharmaputra said that he would not come to heaven leaving his brothers and wife elsewhere. Then Indra informed him that they were already in heaven and so Dharmaputra went to heaven with Indra. (Only a general and succinct history of the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 is given under this head. For details see under the heads of each of the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 as well as 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨, 碍耻苍迟墨, 叠丑墨峁�m补 and 痴测腻蝉补).