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Significance of Mana

The keyphrase "Mana" refers to various concepts across different Indian philosophies and sciences. In Jainism and Vastushastra, it denotes measurements relating to architecture and proportions essential for auspiciousness. In Vaishnavism, Mana describes emotional states like pride or jealousy, often linked to the relationship between Radha and Krishna. In Ayurveda, Mana is associated with the mind and its influence on health, emotions, and cognitive functions. Across these contexts, Mana encompasses notions of measure, emotional states, and consciousness.1
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Synonyms: Spirit, Energy, Life force, Essence, Vitality, Power, Magic, Spiritual energy

In Dutch: Mana; In German: Mana; In Finnish: Mana; In Swedish: Mana; In Malay: Mana; In French: Mana; In Spanish: 惭补苍谩

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Buddhist concept of 'Mana'

Buddhism Books

In Buddhism, Mana is interpreted as the cognitive aspect of consciousness that discriminates experiences, while also symbolizing conceit and pride, which distort self-perception and reinforce ego, highlighting the pitfalls of inflated self-importance.

Significance in Theravada (major branch of Buddhism):
Theravada Books

From: Introducing Buddhist Abhidhamma

(1) Conceit, a misguided sense of self-importance.[1] (2) Mana signifies conceit or pride, representing the various forms of ego and self-importance.[2]

From: A Manual of Abhidhamma

(1) Conceit or pride in one鈥檚 own status or experiences, which distorts perception.[3] (2) Pride, Conceit[4]

Theravada is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).

Significance in Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism):
Mahayana Books

From: Lankavatara Sutra

(1) The conceptualizing part of consciousness that discriminates and categorizes experiences; a key element in the functioning of the mind.[5]

Mahayana is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sutras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajnaparamita sutras.

Hindu concept of 'Mana'

Hinduism Books

In Hinduism, Mana encompasses various interpretations, including the mind as a cognitive organ, a measure for physical proportions, a symbol of emotions like pride and jealousy, and a crucial element in spiritual practices and architectural knowledge.

Significance in Vedanta (school of philosophy):
Vedanta Books

From: Thirty minor Upanishads

(1) The mind, whose movements are to be overcome to achieve higher states of consciousness.[6] (2) The mind or mental faculty responsible for thoughts, emotions, and the perception of reality.[7] (3) The mind or consciousness that undergoes transformation through spiritual practices.[8] (4) The mind; a lower aspect of cognition associated with thoughts, emotions, and perceptions.[9] (5) The mind or consciousness that serves as the bindu and is the cause of creation and preservation.[10]

From: Brahma Sutras (Shankaracharya)

(1) The mind or the faculty of thought, which, like the soul, cannot be divided and is connected to a single body, which creates an argument against the possibility of inhabiting several bodies.[11] (2) Sutra 43 impugning the doctrine that from Sankarshana there springs Pradyumna, i. e. this.[12] (3) The Sutra must be construed to mean that the prana's subordinate position with regard to the soul follows from its having five functions like the manas.[13] (4) Manas is especially the manas with which the Self is connected, according to the commentators, and the Self is thinking as it were.[14] (5) Manas, also known as the mind, is the internal organ that serves as the limiting adjunct of the soul and is called by different names in various contexts.[15]

From: Taittiriya Upanishad Bhashya Vartika

(1) The aspect of the self referring to the mind, which follows vijnana in the order of upadhis that limit the transcendent Self.[16] (2) The internal organ associated with desire and doubt, also derived from the sattva aspect.[17]

From: Prashna Upanishad (Madhva commentary)

(1) The mind which is the highest sense organ developed in man, involved in thought and cognition.[18]

From: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

(1) The Manas, or mind, is described as the abode of thoughts and actions, influencing the organs and directing their functions.[19]

From: Brahma Sutras (Ramanuja)

(1) The mind, which is also considered as a prana that aids in thought and emotion.[20]

From: Taittiriya Upanishad

(1) Manas is the mind or faculty of thought through which Brahman is realized, independent of the physical senses.[21]

From: Kathopanishad (Madhva commentary)

(1) The mind or mental faculty that acts in conjunction with the Buddhi and senses to experience life.[22]

Vedanta refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

Significance in Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma):
Vaishnavism Books

From: Bhajana-Rahasya

(1) An emotion of pride and sulking displayed by Shri Radha in response to perceived neglect.[23] (2) A state of spiritual sulking or pride exhibited by Radha, which Krishna endeavors to pacify through various means.[24] (3) Contrariness; a state of anger or resentment due to feelings of jealousy in separation from Krishna.[25] (4) the sentiment that prevents the lover and beloved from meeting freely.[26] (5) A term representing a feeling of offended pride or shyness that the gopis experience, which Krishna seeks to appease.[27]

From: Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary)

(1) A state of emotional displeasure or shyness experienced by Shrimati Radhikaji, which Shri Krishna is attempting to resolve.[28] (2) A type of sulky anger or pride that affects one's emotional state and interactions, especially in relation to perceived injustices.[29]

From: Srila Gurudeva (The Supreme Treasure)

(1) A sulky or playful mood, often exhibited by Radha in the context of her love for Krishna.[30] (2) A stage that follows sneha, indicating a mood of the devotee's pride in their relationship with Krishna.[31]

From: Chaitanya Bhagavata

(1) A term formed by combining ma (to show respect) and na (not), meaning 'prohibiting' or 'forbidding.'[32]

From: Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu

(1) Another form of vipralambha, referring to a state of pride or ego that contributes to feelings of separation.[33]

From: Garga Samhita (English)

(1) Refers to the heart or mind, emphasizing the internal feelings or thoughts of the earth-goddess.[34]

Vaishnava or vaishnavism (vaishnavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Laghu-yoga-vasistha

(1) The mind, described as fickle and prone to distractions and desires, hindering spiritual progress.[35] (2) The mind, particularly in its capacity for thought and emotion.[36] (3) Manas denotes the mind as a principle of perception and thought, integral to the functioning of the self in the material world.[37] (4) The mind which creates perceptions and is the source of desires and thoughts.[38] (5) The mind or mental capacity that accommodates thoughts, emotions, and perceptions, which is seen as ephemeral and mutable.[39]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Significance in Dharmashastra (religious law):
Dharmashastra Books

From: Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi

(1) A term that means reverence, indicating the respect with which the names of superiors should be uttered.[40] (2) The concept of respect or honor, which is grounded in the attributes or actions of an individual.[41] (3) The mind, styled as an internal sense in conjunction with the soul, contributing to the process of volition and action.[42] (4) Translating to 'Mind', referred to in philosophical terms as an aspect of consciousness.[43]

Dharmashastra contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Significance in Vastushastra (architecture):
Vastushastra Books

From: Vastu-shastra (Introduction to Indian architecture)

(1) Mana is identified in the text as an important figure in Indian architecture, giving rise to traditions of architectural knowledge through figures like Manacarya Agastya.[44] (2) The fundamental canon of measurement in Hindu architecture, referring to proportionate measurements essential for auspiciousness in structures.[45]

From: Samarangana-sutradhara (Summary)

(1) The measure of proportions for male figures, referenced in angulas, quantifying their heights and lengths.[46]

Vastushastra refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.

Significance in Yoga (school of philosophy):
Yoga Books

From: Shat-cakra-nirupana (the six bodily centres)

(1) The mind, which is considered a subtle form within various spiritual practices.[47] (2) The mind, which must be purified and steadied in yoga practice by detaching from material senses.[48] (3) Represents the mind, situated above the inner Atma.[49]

Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as asanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).

Significance in Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar):
Vyakarana Books

From: Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari

(1) A term used to denote a complete measure that can fully quantify an object.[50]

Vyakarana refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.

Significance in Shilpashastra (iconography):
Shilpashastra Books

From: Manasara (English translation)

(1) The measurement of length from the head to the big toe of the idol.[51]

Shilpashastra represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.

Jain concept of 'Mana'

Jainism Books

In Jainism, Mana signifies a bulk measure, symbolizing the concept of weighing thoughts and intentions, emphasizing the importance of mindful actions and ethical conduct in spiritual practice and personal development.

Significance in Jainism (general):

From: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra

(1) (啶ぞ啶�, mana), refers to bulk measure.[52]

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

The concept of Mana in local and regional sources

History Books

Mana, as defined in the text, relates to the mind or mental faculties in Hindu thought, encompassing aspects of perception, emotions, and intellect, and is essential in categorizing age through its ten criteria.

Significance in India history and geography:

From: Triveni Journal

(1) The mind or mental faculty in Hindu thought that is linked to perception, emotions, and intellect.[53]

From: History of Science in South Asia

(1) Manas is a term that refers to mind and is one of the ten criteria for dividing age.[54]

From: The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda

(1) This is the mind, the Chitta in Vritti, or the unsettled state where impressions first vibrate, as explained in the text.[55]