Therapeutic and toxic effects of Chitrak (Plumbago zeylanica) review
Journal name: Ayushdhara
Original article title: The therapeutic and toxicological effect of chitrak (plumbago zeylanica l.)- a review
AYUSHDHARA is an international peer-reviewed journal. It focuses on research in Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, Allopathy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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*Neelam arya
PG Scholar, PG Dept. of Agada Tantra, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, India.
Anita Sharma
Associate Professor, PG Dept. of Agada Tantra, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, India.
Ayushdhara:
(A peer-reviewed, bi-monthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: The therapeutic and toxicological effect of chitrak (plumbago zeylanica l.)- a review
Year: 2015
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Chitraka, known scientifically as Plumbago zeylanica L., is a perennial herb that is widely recognized in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for its various therapeutic applications. Despite its toxic nature, Chitraka is utilized medicinally following a purification process called Shodhana. This review explores the therapeutic uses of Chitraka, focusing on its complex pharmacological effects as well as its toxicological properties, which necessitate careful handling and precise dosing when used in treatment.
The Therapeutic Applications of Chitraka
Chitraka has been traditionally employed to address a wide range of health issues, including digestive disorders, rheumatism, dysentery, and skin diseases. Its properties include being a stimulant, expectorant, laxative, and abortifacient. The root of the plant is particularly noted for its effectiveness against intestinal parasites and its ability to enhance digestive capacity and appetite. Moreover, recent pharmacological studies have highlighted Chitraka's additional activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. The beneficial components of Chitraka, especially plumbagin, are responsible for these actions, underscoring its significance in the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia.
The Toxicological Considerations of Chitraka
Despite its numerous health benefits, Chitraka remains a toxic plant due to the presence of plumbagin, which is known for its irritant and corrosive effects. The ingestion of large doses can lead to severe symptoms such as abdominal pain, hypotonia, and respiratory failure. Given the potential for toxicity, it is crucial to undergo appropriate purification and adhere strictly to therapeutic dosages. This review highlights the importance of understanding the balance between the healing properties and the toxic effects of Chitraka, emphasizing the need for cautious usage.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Chitraka embodies a complex interplay of therapeutic benefits and potential toxicity, firmly establishing its role in Ayurvedic medicine. While it has demonstrated various pharmacological activities that support its traditional uses, rigorous clinical studies are necessary to further validate its effectiveness and safety. The insights gleaned from this review indicate that although Chitraka presents risks, when appropriately processed and administered, it can serve as a potent medicinal resource, deserving respect and careful consideration in therapeutic applications.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Chitrak and its significance in Ayurveda?
Chitrak, or Plumbago zeylanica, is an important Ayurvedic medicinal herb used for its therapeutic properties. It is known for treating various diseases, including digestive issues, rheumatism, and skin ailments, and is traditionally used after a purification process called Shodhana.
What are the potential toxic effects of Chitrak?
Chitrak contains plumbagin, a highly toxic compound. It can cause symptoms like abdominal pain, skin irritation, and respiratory issues when taken in large doses. Proper purification and dosage are crucial to minimize its toxic effects while utilizing its medicinal benefits.
What pharmacological activities are associated with Plumbago zeylanica?
Various studies have shown that Plumbago zeylanica exhibits multiple pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It also shows potential in treating conditions like diabetes, cancer, and malaria, although most studies are conducted on animal models.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for 鈥淭herapeutic and toxic effects of Chitrak (Plumbago zeylanica) review鈥�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Plumbago zeylanica:
Plumbago zeylanica is a multipurpose medicinal herb used in Ayurvedic medicine. It is known for treating various conditions despite its toxic nature. It is also called Chitraka and belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae.
2) Disease:
Plumbago zeylanica is traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases including muscular pain, intestinal parasites, anemia, dysentery, fever, and rheumatic diseases.
3) Drug:
Various components of Plumbago zeylanica have been used in the preparation of traditional Ayurvedic drugs that treat conditions like digestive issues, infections, and skin problems.
4) Medicine:
In Ayurveda, Plumbago zeylanica is used as medicine after undergoing a purification process known as Shodhana to reduce its toxicity and increase its therapeutic efficacy.
5) Toxicity:
Despite its medicinal benefits, Plumbago zeylanica contains plumbagin, which is highly toxic, causing symptoms like abdominal pain, hypotonia, and respiratory failure if taken in large doses.
6) Nilam:
[see source text or glossary: Neelam]
7) India:
Plumbago zeylanica, commonly used in traditional Indian medicine, is native to South Asia and is utilized for its wide range of therapeutic properties.
8) Arya:
[see source text or glossary: Arya]
9) Purification:
In Ayurveda, the Shodhana (purification) process is essential to detoxify Plumbago zeylanica, making it safe for medicinal use by reducing its inherent toxicity.
10) Animal:
Many of the therapeutic properties of Plumbago zeylanica have been demonstrated in animal studies, emphasizing the need for further clinical trials in humans.
11) Pharmacological:
Plumbago zeylanica exhibits various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects, among others.
12) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, extensively uses Plumbago zeylanica for its potent therapeutic benefits, provided its toxicity is neutralized.
13) Rasayana (Rasa-ayana):
Rasayana, a concept in Ayurveda, includes Plumbago zeylanica as a rejuvenative herb that promotes longevity and improves overall health.
14) Gutika:
Chitrakadi gutika is an Ayurvedic formulation that includes Plumbago zeylanica and is beneficial in treating gastrointestinal disorders.
15) Arshas (Arsa, Arsas, Arsha):
For treating Arsha (hemorrhoids), a paste made of Plumbago zeylanica and other ingredients is applied locally to provide relief.
16) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
[see source text or glossary: Sharma]
17) Powder:
The powder form of Plumbago zeylanica, used in a therapeutic dosage of 1-2 grams, is part of various Ayurvedic formulations like Chitrakadi choorna.
18) Honey:
In Ayurveda, Plumbago zeylanica is sometimes mixed with honey, enhancing its therapeutic properties for treating conditions like obesity.
19) Fever:
In traditional Indian medicine, Plumbago zeylanica is used to treat fevers, including malaria, due to its potent medicinal properties.
20) Pain:
Plumbago zeylanica is used for its analgesic properties to alleviate pain, particularly in conditions like rheumatism and muscular pain.
21) Viru:
[see source text or glossary: Viru]
22) Agadatantra (Agada-tantra, Agadatamtra):
Dr. Neelam Arya and Anita Sharma are associated with the PG Dept. of Agada Tantra at the National Institute of Ayurveda, focusing on toxicology and antidotes.
23) Vagbhata:
Vagbhata mentioned three varieties of Plumbago zeylanica and highlighted its Rasayana (rejuvenative) properties in Ayurvedic texts.
24) Shodhana (Sodhana):
The purification (Sodhana) process is crucial in Ayurveda to detoxify Plumbago zeylanica, making it safe and effective for medicinal use.
25) Swelling:
Plumbago zeylanica is traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective in treating swelling and other inflammatory conditions.
26) Mustadi (Musta-adi):
Mustadi is a classical Ayurvedic categorization that includes Plumbago zeylanica, as described by Susruta for its therapeutic uses.
27) Tantra (Tamtra, Tantrism):
In the context of Ayurveda, 'Tantra' refers to specialized branches of knowledge; Agada-tantra focuses on toxicology and antidotes, including treatments involving Plumbago zeylanica.
28) Ghrita (Ghrta):
Chitraka ghrita is an Ayurvedic preparation using Plumbago zeylanica, utilized for its digestive and therapeutic benefits.
29) Eranda (Eramda):
Charaka mentioned two types of Eranda (castor oil) and noted Plumbago zeylanica as a variety of Eranda with specific therapeutic attributes.
30) Jaipur:
Dr. Neelam Arya and Anita Sharma are affiliated with the National Institute of Ayurveda, located in Jaipur, where they conduct research on Plumbago zeylanica.
31) Aureus:
The methanolic extract of Plumbago zeylanica exhibits strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogenic bacterium.
32) Bitter:
The root of Plumbago zeylanica has a strong, characteristic odor with an acrid and bitter taste, which is part of its therapeutic profile.
33) Nature:
Nature provides a rich source of medicinal agents, like Plumbago zeylanica, which has been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine.
34) Agada:
Agada is a branch of Ayurveda dealing with toxicology, focusing on detoxifying herbs like Plumbago zeylanica for safe medicinal use.
35) Kapha:
Plumbago zeylanica is used in Ayurveda to pacify vitiated Kapha, helping in the treatment of various Kapha-related disorders.
36) Laghu:
In Ayurveda, Laghu refers to the light, easy-to-digest qualities of a substance. Plumbago zeylanica is considered Laghu and beneficial for digestion.
37) Vahni:
Plumbago zeylanica is known as 'Vahni' in Sanskrit, highlighting its ability to increase digestive fire, which is beneficial for treating digestive issues.
38) Hindi (Himdi):
In Hindi, Plumbago zeylanica is referred to as Chira or Chitra, reflecting its common use in traditional Indian medicine.
39) Pulse:
Plumbago zeylanica can affect the pulse, as its toxicity causes slow or irregular pulse rates, highlighting the need for cautious use.
40) Blood:
Toxic doses of Plumbago zeylanica can impact blood parameters, necessitating a thorough understanding of its effects for safe therapeutic use.
41) Agni:
Plumbago zeylanica is also known as 'Agni,' meaning fire, due to its hot nature and ability to stimulate the digestive fire intensely.
42) Katu:
In Ayurvedic terms, Katu refers to the pungent taste. Plumbago zeylanica has a Katu taste, which contributes to its digestive and therapeutic properties.
43) Vata:
Plumbago zeylanica is used in Ayurveda to pacify Vata dosha, treating conditions like digestive issues and hemorrhoids rooted in Vata imbalance.
44) Beta:
Two plumbagic acid glucosides found in Plumbago zeylanica are 3'o-beta-glucopyranosylplumbagic acid and 3'-o-beta-glucopyranosyl plumbagic acid, contributing to its chemical profile.
45) Diet:
In treating conditions like anemia, a diet including certain Ayurvedic preparations with Plumbago zeylanica and milk is recommended.
46) Fire:
Plumbago zeylanica strongly increases Agni (digestive fire), making it a potent herb for improving digestion and treating related disorders.
47) Human body:
Purified Plumbago zeylanica enhances the biological efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines, benefiting various systems in the human body.
48) Cow urine (Cow's urine):
In Ayurveda, Plumbago zeylanica combined with Trikatu, honey, and cow urine is recommended for treating skin conditions like leucoderma.
49) Abrus precatorius:
In Ayurvedic treatment, Plumbago zeylanica's roots are occasionally mixed with Abrus precatorius to treat leucoderma.
50) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Plumbago zeylanica demonstrates significant anti-bacterial activity, particularly against multi-drug resistant bacteria such as Salmonella paratyphi and Staphylococcus aureus.
51) Candraprabha (Candra-prabha):
Chandraprabha vati, an Ayurvedic formulation, includes Plumbago zeylanica for treating premeh (urinary disorders) effectively.
52) Inflammation:
Plumbago zeylanica's anti-inflammatory properties make it useful in treating conditions associated with inflammation, such as arthritis and skin diseases.
53) Aragvadhadi (Aragvadha-adi):
Plumbago zeylanica is listed under the Aragvadhadi group in Ayurvedic classical categorization, signifying its therapeutic importance.
54) Amalakyadi (Amalaki-adi):
According to Susruta, Plumbago zeylanica is grouped in terms like Amalakyadi, indicating its role in traditional medicinal formulations.
55) Shothahara (Sothahara, Shotha-hara):
Plumbago zeylanica is known as Shothahara in Ayurveda, indicating its efficacy in reducing swelling and inflammation.
56) Leucoderma:
[see source text or glossary: Leucoderma]
57) Irritation:
A common side effect of Plumbago zeylanica is skin irritation when applied externally without proper purification.
58) Punarnava (Punar-nava):
[see source text or glossary: Punarnava]
59) Bhedaniya:
Charaka's works refer to Plumbago zeylanica under 'Bhedaniya dashaimani,' indicating its use in treatments requiring purgation.
60) Rajasthan:
Research on Plumbago zeylanica is conducted at the National Institute of Ayurveda in Jaipur, Rajasthan, highlighting its clinical and pharmaceutical relevance.
61) Flavonoid:
Plumbago zeylanica contains various phytochemicals, including flavonoids, which contribute to its antioxidant and therapeutic properties.
62) Varunadi (Varuna-adi):
Groupings in classical Ayurvedic texts like Varunadi include Plumbago zeylanica, emphasizing its traditional medicinal uses.
63) Medoroga (Medas-roga):
Plumbago zeylanica powder, when mixed with honey, is prescribed for treating Medoroga (obesity), reflecting its metabolism-boosting properties.
64) Arshoghna (Arsoghna, Arshas-ghna):
Plumbago zeylanica is classified under Arsoghna, known for its efficacy in treating hemorrhoids according to Charaka's categorization.
65) Assamese:
[see source text or glossary: Assamese]
66) Vyoshadi (Vyosadi):
Vyoshadi gutika, an Ayurvedic formulation using Plumbago zeylanica, is prescribed for digestive and respiratory conditions.
67) Epilepsy:
Plumbago zeylanica is traditionally used in Ayurveda to treat various nervous system conditions, including epilepsy.
68) Sanskrit:
In Sanskrit, Plumbago zeylanica is known by various synonyms such as Agni and Dahana, reflecting its fiery properties.
69) Kanjika (Kamjika):
In the treatment of Arshas (hemorrhoids), a paste of Plumbago zeylanica mixed with Kanjika (sour gruel) is used.
70) Citraka:
Citraka is another name for Plumbago zeylanica, highlighting its rapid disease-curing properties akin to a spotted leopard.
71) Trikatu (Tri-katu):
Trikatu combined with Plumbago zeylanica is used for treating Svitra (leucoderma), demonstrating its synergistic effects in traditional medicine.
72) Marathi:
[see source text or glossary: Marathi]
73) Kannada:
[see source text or glossary: Kannada]
74) Bengali:
[see source text or glossary: Bengali]
75) Taranga (Taramga):
[see source text or glossary: Taranga]
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 111]
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