Knowing Everything Without Learning Anything
Journal name: Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions
Original article title: Ne rien apprendre, tout savoir
The journal 鈥淎rchives of Social Sciences of Religions鈥� publishes advanced research on religion in French, English, and Spanish. It studies the sociology of religions and religious traditions or theologies. It is supported by the INSHS-CNRS (鈥淚nstitut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales鈥�)
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Subtitle: Anti-intellectualisme et pratiques d鈥櫭﹔udition dans deux sectes hindoues contemporaines 1
Original source:
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Pascale L茅pinasse et Rapha毛l Voix
Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions:
(Founded in 1956 and published quarterly鈥�)
Full text available for: Ne rien apprendre, tout savoir
Year: 2011 | Doi: 10.4000/assr.23109
Copyright (license): 漏 Archives de sciences sociales des religions
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The article explores the relationship between erudition and ascetic practices in contemporary sectarian Hinduism through two case studies: Ananda Marga, founded in Bengal in 1955, and the Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University (BKWSU), established in 1937 in Sindh. The founders of these sects are regarded as divine incarnations and do not belong to any recognized initiatory lineage (parampara). Their teachings are less focused on exegesis of traditional Hindu scriptures and more on the singularity of their revelations, which guide the disciples in their spiritual journey. The study highlights how these movements illustrate the role and significance of erudition in securing spiritual advancement.
Anti-Intellectualism and Knowledge
One significant concept discussed is the ambivalence towards erudition within Ananda Marga. The founder, Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, dismissed worldly knowledge as subordinate to the transcendent knowledge of the absolute. He posited that worldly knowledge, acquired through intellectual effort, was not only unnecessary for liberation but could also act as an obstacle. This perspective reflects a broader tradition in Hinduism where intellect is often seen as a hindrance to spiritual enlightenment. Thus, the sect's structure prioritizes a direct experiential understanding over academic learning, positioning their teachings as revelations that supersede traditional scholarship.
The Role of Charismatic Authority
The BKWSU showcases its own approach to authority and education, where the founder, Dada Lekhraj, similarly embodies an anti-intellectual stance. Despite the sect identifying as a university, which emphasizes systematic learning, the knowledge imparted is rooted in the divine guidance of the founder. The teachings are delivered through a process of institutionalized trance, which reinforces the idea that the knowledge acquired from the master is superior and singular in nature. The organization maintains a strong focus on personal transformation through spiritual practices, deemphasizing worldly knowledge in favor of divine instruction.
Practices of Erudition Within Sectarian Frameworks
Despite the denigration of traditional erudition, practices of scholarship still emerge prominently within both artistic communities. In Ananda Marga, aspiring ascetics undertake a rigorous study of the master鈥檚 teachings alongside their spiritual training, demonstrating a complex relationship where erudition is necessary for understanding the sect鈥檚 spiritual framework. Similarly, within the BKWSU, systematic learning occurs through the daily reading and meditation of divine teachings, emphasizing the need for disciples to understand their master鈥檚 philosophy deeply. Hence, while worldly knowledge is often dismissed, knowledge of the sect's doctrine is seen as critical.
Institutionalization of Knowledge Production
Both sects engage actively in producing and disseminating a specific corpus of knowledge, which becomes a focal point for their followers. Ananda Marga has published numerous works that their initiatory teachings are structured around, while the BKWSU not only transcribes the master鈥檚 revelations but also involves lay members in ongoing educational programs. This focus on creating and maintaining a textual tradition indicates that, although anti-intellectualism appears prevalent, erudition is nonetheless vital to the identity and function of the sects. This supports the notion that erudition within these movements is not merely about traditional academic pursuits but is instead tied intimately to spiritual practice and community formation.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the article illustrates that the relationship between asceticism and erudition in contemporary sectarian Hinduism is complex and nuanced. While both Ananda Marga and the BKWSU embody anti-intellectual sentiments against worldly knowledge, they simultaneously engage rigorously with the teachings of their respective founders. The outcome is a distinctive form of erudition that is integral to their spiritual practices, highlighting the paradox of anti-intellectualism in movements that create their own extensive bodies of knowledge. This indicates a potential evolution in the understanding and role of erudition within sectarian frameworks, allowing for a redefined context through which knowledge and spiritual practice intersect.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the focus of the article by L茅pinasse and Voix?
The article examines the relationship between erudition practices and asceticism in contemporary sectarian Hinduism, specifically looking at two case studies: Ananda Marga and the Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University.
Who founded Ananda Marga and when was it established?
Ananda Marga was founded by Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar in 1955 in Bengal.
What is the Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University?
The Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University, founded in 1937, emphasizes yoga and meditation, claiming to provide teachings considered revelations passed down from a divine incarnation.
How does erudition manifest within Ananda Marga?
In Ananda Marga, erudition is focused on studying the teachings of Sarkar, considered a revelation, as opposed to classical texts, emphasizing the importance of this unique knowledge.
What role do disciples play in these sects regarding knowledge?
Disciples are responsible for transcribing and preserving the teachings of their founders, with an emphasis on applying this knowledge in their spiritual practice.
What is the view of worldly knowledge in Ananda Marga?
Worldly knowledge is viewed as inferior and potentially obstructive; only the knowledge of the self, gained through devotion to the master, is seen as liberating.
Do both sects prioritize academic knowledge in their teachings?
While both sects downplay classical academic knowledge, they still emphasize specific teachings considered essential for spiritual growth and ascetic practices.
Glossary definitions and references:
Theological and religious glossary list for 鈥淜nowing Everything Without Learning Anything鈥�. The list explains important keywords that occur in this and other scholarly articles. It is also linked to the glossary for understanding that concept in the context of History, Religion, Philosophy, Theology, Sociology etc.
1) Knowledge:
Knowledge refers to the understanding and awareness gained through learning and experience. In the context of the sects examined, it highlights the distinction between 'worldly knowledge' and 'absolute knowledge'鈥攖he latter being prioritized as it leads to liberation and spiritual growth. Masters depict their teachings as unique revelations rather than learning from the scriptures, thereby shaping disciples' educational focus around them.
2) India:
India, the birthplace of Hinduism and the context for the Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris sects, represents a rich tapestry of spiritual traditions and diverse beliefs. The growth of contemporary sects like these reflects the modernization of religious practices while simultaneously drawing on the historical roots that characterize Indian spirituality and social reform.
3) Spiritual:
Spirituality encompasses the pursuit of transcendent truths and inner peace, central to the teachings of Ananda Marga and the Brahma Kumaris. Their founders emphasize spiritual practices such as meditation, reflection, and devotion, positioning spiritual growth as a path to liberation from worldly illusions and ignorance.
4) Ananda (Anamda):
膧苍补苍诲补 signifies joy and bliss, representing the outcome of engaging with the teachings and practices promoted by Ananda Marga. This state of happiness and fulfillment is an integral aspect of the spiritual journey.
5) Indian:
Indian refers to the cultural, spiritual, and historical context from which the sects arise. The contemporary movements, while modern in their approach, deeply root their philosophies in traditional Indian concepts, such as renunciation and devotion, integrating them into new frameworks that address modern societal issues.
6) Education:
Education in the context of both sects reflects an emphasis on the transmission of teachings and spiritual knowledge. Despite a general anti-intellectualism, the importance of structured learning through courses, workshops, and teachings by adept disciples signifies a commitment to cultivating a well-informed base that aligns with the spiritual practices of each group.
7) Brahma:
Brahma is the deity associated with creation and is revered within the Brahma Kumaris sect, where the teachings proclaim the divine nature of their founder Lekhraj. The Brahma Kumaris aim to embody qualities of purity and knowledge attributed to Brahma, teaching that their practices lead followers toward spiritual enlightenment.
8) Hinduism:
Hinduism is the overarching religious framework that informs the teachings and practices of Ananda Marga and the Brahma Kumaris. Both sects, while distinct, engage with the cultural and spiritual heritage of Hinduism, interpreting it through their unique revelations and modern practices.
9) Marga:
Marga, meaning 'path,' represents the spiritual journey within Ananda Marga, emphasizing the dual goals of individual liberation and collective well-being. The 'Path of Bliss' provides followers with a structured methodology to achieve spiritual growth through various practices, including meditation, devotion, and community service.
10) Pari:
[see source text or glossary: #Pari#]
11) Bengali:
Bengali refers to the cultural and linguistic heritage of a significant number of followers in Ananda Marga, which emerged in Bengal. This regional context has influenced the movement's teachings, connecting them to broader Bengali reformist traditions and social issues, as well as the unique sociopolitical history of West Bengal.
12) Gyana (Gyan):
Gyan, derived from the Sanskrit term 'jnana,' signifies the knowledge that is considered liberating. Within the Brahma Kumaris, it represents the highest form of understanding achieved through listening to the teachings of the master, who is believed to possess divine insights that guide disciples toward salvation.
13) Bengal (Bemgal):
Bengal serves as the birthplace for the Ananda Marga sect, providing a rich cultural backdrop that shaped its development. The region's history of social reform and spiritual awakening contributes to the unique nature of the sect's teachings and practices, aiming to address contemporary social issues.
14) Worldly:
Worldly knowledge pertains to conventional or secular understanding, which both Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris caution against, stating it can distract from the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment. The sects emphasize the importance of transcending worldly attachment to attain deeper, liberating knowledge.
15) Devotion (Devoted):
Devoted describes the deep commitment that followers exhibit toward their spiritual practices and the teachings of their leaders. This devotion is essential for engaging with the transformational journey laid out by the sects.
16) Delhi:
[see source text or glossary: #Delhi#]
17) Guru:
Guru signifies the spiritual teacher or master, whose words serve as a guiding light for disciples. The founders of Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris are regarded as avatars or divine incarnations, and their teachings are seen as revelations that supersede traditional scholarship in the pursuit of spiritual liberation.
18) Philosophy:
Philosophy in this context relates to the comprehensive worldview advocated by the leaders of both sects, integrating social reform and spiritual practice. The philosophical underpinnings derived from various influences, including Tantric and Vedic traditions, guide the ethical and moral dimensions of their spiritual teachings.
19) Scripture:
Scripture constitutes the sacred texts and teachings that inform the doctrines within Hinduism. While these sects prioritize the revelations of their founders over traditional Hindu scriptures, the process of transcribing and studying these teachings reflects a commitment to creating a new sectarian canon.
20) Doctrine:
Doctrine embodies the fundamental beliefs and teachings espoused by Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris. Rather than relying solely on inherited scriptures, they establish new doctrines derived from the revealed knowledge of their founders, aiming to provide guidance for personal and social transformation.
21) Religion:
Religion encapsulates the organized systems of beliefs, practices, and moral codes established by both sects. The movements seek to redefine aspects of Hinduism within a modern context, presenting their interpretations of spirituality as both a critical response to societal challenges and as a means to self-realization.
22) Kumari:
碍耻尘腻谤墨, typically referring to a young, unmarried girl, is significant in the Brahma Kumaris' teachings, focusing on purity and devotion. The concept promotes the empowerment of women within the sect, fostering leadership roles.
23) Renunciation:
Renunciation signifies the spiritual practice of giving up worldly attachments to pursue a higher spiritual goal. In both sects, renunciation is a celebrated path, although it emphasizes different aspects, such as the collective commitment to social improvement or deep personal transformation through surrender to the master.
24) Brahmin:
Brahmin denotes the priestly caste traditionally associated with scholarship and religious authority in Hinduism. However, both sects' founders emerged from outside this lineage, indicating a shift in religious authority and redefining notions of scholarship and enlightenment without exclusive reliance on Brahminical expertise.
25) Language:
Language plays a vital role in the transmission of spiritual teachings, with both sects utilizing various languages, including Bengali, Hindi, and English, to reach wider audiences. The availability of teachings in multiple languages facilitates accessibility and understanding among diverse followers.
26) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit, the ancient language of Hindu scriptures, underscores the historical context of knowledge transmission in Hinduism. While both sects pivot away from classical Sanskrit scholarship, they still engage with the language's significance in spiritual practices and reformulating their own teachings.
27) Hundred:
[see source text or glossary: #Hundred#]
28) Anti (Amti):
Anti refers to the stance against worldly knowledge as promoted by the leaders of Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris. This anti-intellectualism prioritizes spiritual over intellectual pursuits, advocating for a focus on innate knowledge and personal experience rather than book learning.
29) Hindu Scripture:
Hindu scripture encompasses the vast texts that define the religious landscape of Hinduism. Both sects draw on and interpret these scriptures not as the final authority but as a backdrop to the newer revelations presented by their respective founders.
30) Meditation:
Meditation is a central practice in both Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris, serving as a means to attain higher consciousness and spiritual insight. Their approaches involve techniques such as breath control and visualization, providing followers with tools for inner tranquility and self-discovery.
31) Science (Scientific):
Scientific principles and rational methods have influenced some of the ideologies within these sects, notably in their critique of current educational paradigms. They emphasize experiential and pragmatic approaches to understanding life and spirituality rather than relying solely on traditional scholarship.
32) Sarasvati:
[see source text or glossary: #Sarasvati#]
33) Lineage:
Lineage refers to the traditional system of passing down spiritual authority and knowledge through recognized gurus in Hinduism. The absence of an established lineage for the founders of both sects highlights their innovative approach to leadership and their unique claims of personal revelation.
34) Student:
Student represents the role of disciples within both Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris, who are committed to learning and internalizing the teachings of their masters. The emphasis on being a 'student' rather than a mere follower showcases the importance of education and disciplined study in spiritual practice.
35) Trance:
Trance, particularly in the context of the Brahma Kumaris, refers to altered states of consciousness claimed to facilitate divine revelations. The phenomenon of trance underscores the sect鈥檚 reliance on perceived direct experiences of the divine as a means of understanding and transmitting spiritual knowledge.
36) Nature:
[see source text or glossary: #Nature#]
37) Pandita (Pandit):
Pandit, referring to a learned scholar or priest in Hindu tradition, contrasts with the founders of the modern sects who do not fit this archetype. Their emergence signifies a redefinition of religious authority and knowledge formation, aiming to make spiritual teachings more accessible to general followers.
38) Veda:
Veda represents the foundational texts of Hindu spirituality and philosophy. Despite the core importance of the Vedas, the teachings within both Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris center around the new revelations brought forth by their founders, demonstrating an evolution in spiritual discourse.
39) Sindhi (Sindh, Shindhi):
Sindh, the region where Brahma Kumaris originated, is significant for its historical and cultural context. The sect鈥檚 development in this area highlights the role of regional identities in shaping contemporary spiritual movements that blend traditional beliefs with modern reforms.
40) Yoga:
Yoga, particularly within Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris, transcends physical practice to encompass a holistic approach to spirituality. Techniques from various yoga traditions, including Raja Yoga, form vital aspects of the disciplines promoted by both sects to facilitate spiritual growth.
41) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transformation refers to the profound changes that individuals undergo through the practices of both sects. The emphasis on personal and societal transformation through ascetic practices and the cultivation of inner knowledge reflects their core teachings regarding spiritual evolution.
42) Environment:
[see source text or glossary: #Environment#]
43) Initiation:
Initiation symbolizes the ceremonial process through which individuals formally enter the community of followers in both sects. This important act signifies their commitment to the teachings and marks the transition into a path of spiritual discipline and practice.
44) Liberation:
Liberation, a central goal in both Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris, denotes the ultimate freedom from ignorance and worldly attachments. This spiritual concept emphasizes the transformative journey that followers undertake as they seek communion with the divine through devoted practice.
45) Discipline:
Discipline is essential in the practices of both sects, guiding followers toward consistent engagement with spiritual exercises and teachings. The rigorous adherence to disciplined living showcases the commitment necessary for achieving spiritual goals and realizing higher forms of knowledge.
46) Parampara:
笔补谤补尘辫补谤腻 symbolizes the traditional passing of teachings through generations, although both sects diverge from this by positioning their founders as independent authorities. This reconfiguration of learning emphasizes innovation within the scope of Hindu spirituality.
47) Intellect:
Intellect refers to the rational mind and understanding, which both sects regard with caution, positioning it as a potential barrier to attaining higher forms of knowledge. The teachings promote emotional and intuitive understanding over intellectualism, asserting that true wisdom transcends conventional scholarship.
48) Kaliyuga (Kali-yuga):
Kaliyuga, the 'iron age' in Hindu cosmology, represents a time of decline in spiritual values. Followers of both sects see their teachings as counters to this age's challenges, providing knowledge and practices that guide individuals toward re-establishing spiritual truths in a world deemed distracted by ignorance and superficiality.
49) Calcutta:
Calcutta, the historical city where Ananda Marga was founded, reflects the dynamic cultural and intellectual forces of Bengal during the sect's emergence. As a hub for Bengali reformers, the city influenced the ideologies and practices that characterized the Ananda Marga movement.
50) Vijnana:
痴颈箩帽腻苍补, signifying knowledge or science, often merges with spiritual insights in the sects we've discussed. Followers are encouraged to attain vij帽膩na by engaging deeply with their masters' teachings, which frame spiritual wisdom as a comprehensive understanding of the universe.
51) Eternal:
Eternal represents the concept of timeless truths within the teachings of both sects. The notion of 'eternal knowledge' promotes spirituality as a pursuit of unchanging truths that guide humanity beyond the ephemeral concerns of the world.
52) Madhva:
Madhva, an important figure in Hindu philosophy, exemplifies the historical tradition of scholarly debate within Hinduism. His influence persists through sects that continue to engage with philosophical principles, illustrating the dialogue between contemporary and classical elements in Hindu thought.
53) Family:
Family plays a significant role in the context of the sects, where many disciples choose to prioritize their spiritual missions over traditional familial ties. The respective teachings encourage followers to redefine familial relationships and responsibilities in light of their spiritual commitments.
54) Debate:
Debate serves as a meaningful tool for fostering intellectual engagement and examining spiritual concepts within sect communities. Although both sects foster a certain anti-intellectual stance, debate remains essential in refining beliefs and understanding complex philosophical ideas.
55) Nanda (Namda):
[see source text or glossary: #Nanda#]
56) Margi:
Margi, as associated with Ananda Marga, emphasizes the importance of following a defined spiritual path guided by disciplined practice and devotion. The term encapsulates the structured approach to achieving personal and communal transformation through spiritual efforts.
57) Death:
Death in the spiritual context signifies liberation from the cycle of rebirth, and both sects offer teachings aimed at understanding and transcending worldly existence. The emphasis on preparation for death and the afterlife denotes the significant role of spirituality in navigating life's ultimate transition.
58) Faith:
Faith embodies the trust and belief that students place in their spiritual teachers. Within both sects, faith is a prerequisite for engaging with the teachings and fully committing to the transformative processes advocated by their founders.
59) Tantric ritual:
Tantric ritual signifies various spiritual practices that focus on harnessing energy for enlightenment. Both Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris integrate certain aspects of tantric traditions into their teachings, emphasizing the transformative potential of ritual in achieving spiritual goals.
60) Raja Yoga:
Raja Yoga refers to a comprehensive approach to spiritual practice focusing on meditation and self-discipline. This type of yoga is emphasized in both sects, embodying methods for realizing personal power and clarity through disciplined meditative exercises.
61) Purification:
Purification symbolizes the mental and spiritual processes through which followers strive to free themselves from worldly impurities. Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris promote purification through specific practices that prepare disciples for achieving higher states of consciousness and divine union.
62) Soteriology:
Soteriology, the study of religious doctrines concerning salvation, frames the central purpose of both sects. Their teachings focus on achieving liberation not merely through belief but through dedicated practice, self-discipline, and continual transformation.
63) Agriculture:
Agriculture features in the teachings of Ananda Marga as part of its comprehensive approach to education. The inclusion of agricultural principles underscores the sect's commitment to social reform and environmental stewardship, reflecting a holistic philosophy that intertwines spiritual and worldly engagements.
64) Instruction:
Instruction denotes the structured learning processes within the sects, focusing on imparting the master's teachings to followers. Through systematic instruction, disciples are expected to internalize spiritual principles that guide their religious life and community engagement.
65) Literature:
Literature within the sects encompasses the writings and teachings promoted by the founders. Instead of traditional scriptures, the works attributed to Sarkar and Lekhraj create a new textual canon that forms the basis for disciples' learning and spiritual development.
66) Rajayoga (Raja-yoga, Rajan-yoga):
Raja-yoga, as a style of yoga highlighted in both sects, involves mental discipline, meditation, and devotion. This practice aims to unify the mind and spirit, fostering a deep connection with the divine and enabling spiritual advancement.
67) Rajasthan:
Rajasthan, the state where the Brahma Kumaris expanded from Sindh, contributes to the cultural and spiritual landscape of the organization. The region's historical significance in shaping the movement denotes the interaction between local culture and spiritual practices.
68) Salvation:
Salvation signifies the ultimate goal of both sects, representing liberation from the cycle of life and death. The teachings outline specific practices that facilitate salvation, reinforcing the necessity for commitment and dedication from followers.
69) Existence:
Existence is a recurring theme in the teachings of Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris, where understanding the nature of worldly life is a prerequisite for attaining spiritual liberation. Addressing the realities of existence informs the sects' methods and philosophies on achieving deeper spiritual insights.
70) Ignorance (Ignorant):
Ignorance is viewed as a significant hurdle to spiritual enlightenment in both sects. Their teachings seek to dispel ignorance by fostering knowledge and understanding of higher truths, promoting practices that lead to illumination and clarity.
71) Kayastha (Kaya-stha):
碍腻测补蝉迟丑补 denotes a social class traditionally associated with clerical roles in Bengal, which influenced the background of Sarkar, founder of Ananda Marga. The intersection of caste identity and spiritual authority plays a role in redefining who can attain spiritual knowledge and leadership.
72) Creation:
Creation pertains to the divine act that establishes the world as understood within Hindu cosmology. The teachings of both sects reflect a discourse on creation, emphasizing the responsibilities of individuals to contribute positively to its ongoing evolution through spiritual practices.
73) Exercise:
Exercise, particularly in the context of yogic practices, refers to the physical and mental disciplines necessary for spiritual growth. Both sects encourage various exercises, including meditation and breath control, as tools to enhance self-awareness and align one鈥檚 energy with given spiritual principles.
74) Identity:
Identity plays a critical role in how followers perceive themselves within both sects. The construction of spiritual identity through community interaction and adherence to teachings fosters a sense of belonging and purpose that is central to the experience of followers.
75) Manohar:
[see source text or glossary: #Manohar#]
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 249]