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Though 碍腻艣墨 and 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 often used synonymously, the ancient city of 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 was actually the capital of the 碍腻艣墨. The ancient kingdom of 碍腻艣墨 stretched to 100 km east and 250 km north-west to the ancient city of 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨. The kingdom of 碍腻艣墨 was bordered by 碍辞艣补濒补 on the north, Magadha on the east and Vatsa on the west.^[1] in the 7^th century 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 was 667 miles in circuit. Its probable boundaries in respect to other kingdoms were the river Gomati on the north, Allahabad in the south, from Tonsto Bilhari on the west to Rehand, karmanasa and 骋补峁単腻 on the east.

The city 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 is located on the left bank of the 骋补峁単腻, between the Varu峁嚹� on the north east and Asi on the south west. While Varu峁嚹� is a major river of the region, Asi is a mere stream which is not even shown even in the most detailed maps of the region except that of James Princep. The road from 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨to R膩mnagar crosses the Asi, just off the city. The stream merges with the Varu峁嚹�, just at a little distance. The place where the two streams meet is held particularly holy. Popularly 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 was believed to have derived its name from the name of these two rivers and was considered very holy. Though the river Varu峁嚹� is located to the north east of the city but probably it was not because of this the city is known as that. Rather it might be a name of the 骋补峁単腻 itself, since Varu峁嚹� means the daughter of Varu峁嚹� and 骋补峁単腻 means water, from the sky to the earth. 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨, another celebrated river of early India also means holder of sweet water. All these names imply a river and therefore generic names. In this way 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 simply means located on the bank of a river. It does necessarily mean located to the bank of Varu峁嚹�. In other words, any settlement grown on the riverside may be called 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨. 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 is eternal and a riverside is an ideal and right choice for the growth of a settlement.^[2] Alternatively the city was rebuilt by Raja Banar and hence named after him. 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 occupies a central position to the Buddhists because it was at Dhamek near 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 the Buddha first preached his sermon. Also it was frequently visited by the Buddha.^[3]

The 闯腻迟补办补 stories are laden with information about 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨. It was only in the Buddhist literature 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 was mentioned as the capital city of 碍腻艣墨 unlike the Vedic Samhitas that mention both these places but never really made a distinction between them. Nevertheless, 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 was only the core of the large cultural zone which was actually meant in the Buddhist 闯腻迟补办补s. So far archaeological remains are concerned the earliest exposed level of 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 belonged to the 8^th century BCE, much earlier antiquity could be traced nearby though.

Field investigations around 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 found out numerous diverse types of settlements (厂腻谤苍腻迟丑, 峋筴tha, Ramnagar, Tilmanpur, Asapur, kotwa and many other minor sites) and formed a cultural zone with the twin sites of 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨-厂腻谤苍腻迟丑 as the nuclei. Even in the 闯腻迟补办补s never denote a single city or settlement by 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨 but a complete geographic unit encompassing the city, supporting settlements, craftsmen鈥檚 settlements, forests and hills etc. A careful study of this region can only show the true essence of 痴腻谤腻峁嘺蝉墨.^[4]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Subodh Kapur, Encyclopedia of Ancient Indian Geography, vol-I, Cosmo Publication, Delhi, 2002, p.365.

[2]:

K.N. Prudhvi Raju and Manish kumar Pandey, Varanasi: Origin and Growth from a Geomorphic Perspective in Vidula Jayaswal ed., Varanasi Myths and scientific Studies, Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop, New Delhi, Aryan Book International, 2013, pp.137-138.

[3]:

Subodh Kapur, op.cit. 2002, pp.695-96.

[4]:

Vidula Jayaswal, op.cit. 2009, pp.2,3,21.