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Literary and epigraphic sources relating to the history of Kashmir during the period under review are substantiated by that of the coins which have been noted by several scholars from time to time! However, such numismatic evidence dates only from the sixth century A.D. onwards though the history of the Valley goes back to much earlier times. Gold, silver, 'white metal', and copper coins² of the kings and queens of Kashmir have been found not only in the Valley and the North-western (undivided) India, but also in several parts of Northern India as far as Monghyr, in the east and Banda in the South. It is 1. Cunningham, A., Coins of Mediaeval India, pp. 25-46 and plates; Smith, V.A., Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1879, pt. 1, p. 277; Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, Vol. X, pt. 1 (1948), I pp. 31-37; Ibid., Vol. XI, pt. I (1949), pp. 65-69, etc. 2. Cunningham, A., Coins of Medieval India, pp. 25-46.

Plate I Obv. Obv. COINS OF KASHMIR TORAMANA PRATA PADITYA A JAYAPIDA VINAYADITYA Rev. Rev. Rev. Obv.

- 534 interesting to note that a few gold coins that came to the notice of Cunningham weighed 73 and 72 grains, which is approximately half the weight of a standard Suvarna coin weighing 144 grains! Below is appended a list of notable kings and queens whose coins have come to light and it is regretted that all of them could not be illustrated here for want of good photographic illustrations. Khinkhila Narendraditya Obverse : Bust and diadem. Reverse Obv. Vase (lota) to left and the Brahmi letter Khi, to the right: Kgi. Toramana King standing, offering incense at the altar, clad in peculiar skirt and frilled drawers. Legend to a the left in corse, bold Brahmi script; sri Tora. Goddess Lakshmi, seated Gupta fashion, Rev. holding a lotus flower over left shoulder; legend to the right: Jaya (victory) and to the left, a vase (on some Coins a lion's head below). 1. Cunningham, A., Coins of Medieval India, p. 31.

- 535 Pravarasena Obv. : King standing to front with the left hand on the hip and the right raised;B two figures seated below%3 B legend: Sri Pravarasena. Rev. : Lakshmi seated on lion with lotus in the left hand; vase of flowers to the left. Legend on the left: Kidara written perpendicularly. Gokarna Obv A very crude figure of a female, seated; legend to the right; Sri Gokarna. Rev. Crude figure of the King standing; legend under the arm;B Kida(ra).

Obv. - 536 KARKOTA DYNASTY Pratapaditya II The crude standing figure of the goddess with the legend Sri Pratapa on right, and the letter Ke on left? Rev. : A crude figure representing the king to the left with hands lifted and the name Kedara vertically written on right%3 B by the side are shown a crescent-topped pole and a cross with long arms. On left is a vertical line of dots showing buttons of the coat, and also some other dots indicating either a spray or outlines of a crude face. 1. Two letters dara, it has been suggested, were engraved between legs, but they are doubtful. Agrawala, V.S., Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, x, pt. 1, pp. 31-33; cf. also Altekar, A.S., Ibid., pp. 34-37.

-537 Durlabha Obv. : King standing, facing left, with his right hand extended but slightly bent downwards. He wears a long gown with conspicuously rolled-up edge, reaching his knee. Legend in the left field Jaya (ti) and in the right: Kidara. Rev. : Goddess Lakshmi (a crude figure), seated, facing front. Legend in the right field: Sr (1) Durlabha and in the left deva. Jayapida Vinayaditya Obv. : King standing - a mere trace of the device; legend to right: Jaya and Ke below. Rev. : Headless seated goddess, barely recognisable. Legend: sri Vina (yaditya).

Plate II Obv. COINS OF KASHMIR SANKARAVARMAN Rev SUGANDHA (QUEEN) Obv. Rev.

- 538 UTPALA DYNASTY Sankaravarman Obv. Seated goddess; legend to right: Sanka(ra). Rev. : King standing barely recognisable; legend to right: Varma. Obv. Gopalavarman 90 Seated goddess; legend to right: Gopala. Rev. : King standing; legend to right:Varma. Obv. Queen Sugandha : Seated goddess; legend to left: sri and to right: Suga (ndha). Rev. : King standing; legend to right: Devya. Partha Obv. : Seated goddess; legend to right: Partha. Rev. : King standing%3 B legend to right; Varma.

Plate III Obv. Obv. COINS OF KASHMIR KSHEMAGUPTA DIDDA (QUEEN) Rev. Rev. 414

- 539 Chakravarman Obv. Seated goddess; legend: Cha.. Rev. : King standing; legend:(va)rma Deva. Obv. Unmattavanti Seated goddess; legend: Sri. Rev. : King standing; legend: Unma (ti). NEW DYNASTY Yasaskara Obv. : Seated goddess; legend: Yasaskara Rev. King standing; legend: Deva. Obv. Parvagupta Seated goddess; legend: Sri Parva. Rev. : King standing 3 B legend: Deva. Kshemagupta Obv. Rev. : Seated goddess; legend: Kshema Gu.. King standing%3 B legend : pta De (va).

Plate IV Obv. Obv. Obv. COINS OF KASHMIR SANGRAMA DEVA ANANTA KALASA Rev. Rev. Rev.

-541 Obv. Tribhuvanagupta Seated goddess; legend to left: Tri; to right:bhuva(na). Rev. : King standing 3 B legend to right: gupta. Obv. Rev. Bhimagupta Seated goddess; legend to left: Bhi; to right: ma. : King standing; legend to right: gupta. Obv. Queen Didda Seated goddess; legend to left: Sri and to right: Didda. Rev. : King standing; legend to right: dev(va) Obv. Rev. LOHARA DYNASTY Sangramadeva Seated goddess; legend to left: Sa, to right: ngrama(ra). : King standing 3 legend to right: ja deva.

Plate V Obv Obv. COINS OF KASHMIR HARSHA SUSSALA Rev. Rev.

Obv. Rev. 542 Ananta Seated goddess, legend to left: A(na) to right:nta (ra). : King standing%3 B legend to right: ja de(va). Obv. : Kalasa Seated goddess; legend to left: Ka, to right: lassa(ra). to Rev. : King standing; legend right: ja de(va). Obv. Harsha : Figure of a horseman with lance; legend to right: Harshadeva. Rev. : Goddess seated. Uchchala Seated goddess; legend: Uchchala. Obv. Rev. : King standing; legend: Deva.

Plate VI Obv. Obv. COINS OF KASHMIR JAYASIMHA JAGADEVA Rev. Rev.

- 543 Obv. Rev. Sussala : Figure of Lakshmi, seated, wearing a head-dress, round ear-rings, bodice, and skirts. The name of the King appears just below the ear-rings in Devanagari script; legend to left: Sri, to right: Sussa (1 a). : Standing figure of the King wearing a high head-dress, coat, trousers and boots very much conventionalised. The boots look like two triangles projecting sideways from the legs. The king is holding a trident; legend to right: Deva. Obv. Jayasimha : Seated goddess; legend to left: Jaya; to right Si(mha). Rev. : King standing%3 B no legend.

-544 Obv. Paramanuka : Seated goddess; legend: Sri Para (manuka). Rev. : King standing; legend: Deva. Avantideva Obv. : Seated goddess; legend: Avanti. Rev. : King standing; legend: Deva. Jagadeva Obv. : Lakshmi seated, wearing a head-dress, round ear-rings, bodice, and skirts. The name of the king appears just below the ear-rings in Devanagari script; legend to left:Ja and to right:ga. Rev. : Standing figure of the king wearing a high head-dress, coat, trousers and boots very much conventionalised. The boots look like two triangles projecting sideways from the legs. The King is holding a trident; legend to right: Deva.