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Ananta, however, did not have a smooth sailing; soon the doughty Khasas rose in rebellion against him and Haladhara had to meet their challenge. There is a suggestive current in the description of the Chronicle which leads us to suspect that a few namaras had also joined hands with the Khasas, otherwise Kalhana would not have named the two in the same verse 1. Rajatarangini by Kalhana, I, vii, 211-12. 2. Ibid., I, vii, 213. 3. Ibid., I, vii, 208. 4. Ibid., I, vii, 215-16. 5. Ibid., I, vii, 217. 6. Ibid.

299 Haladhara dispatched his nephew, Bimba, who had earlier killed many Damaras, to punish the Khasas. The royal troops were fewer in number and Bimba lost his life in this encouter, though he exhibited great courage The Khasas, apparently, were subdued and Haladhara out of revenge, must have dealt harshly with them though the Chronicle is silent about the subsequent events. But some light is shed by the Vikramankadevacharita of Bilhana, according to whom, the rulers of Champa, Darvabhisara, Trigarta and Bhartula (Vartula) accepted Ananta's supremacy. It is, therefore, reasonable to suppose that the victories referred to here were gained over the rulers of the territories mentioned above. With Haladhara taking care of internal administration, Ananta embarked upon a scheme of conquests in order to add fresh laurels to his glory. According to Kalhana, he gained victories over several kings but they have not been specified either by name or by the territories over which they ruled. But his campaign against Sala (Salavahana), ruler of 1. Rajatarangini by Kalhana, I, vii, 217. 2. Bilhana, Vikramankedevacharita, XVIII, 38. 3. Rajatarangini by Kalhana I, vii, 218.

300 Champa, has been singled out by the ChroniclerKing Sala of the Chronicle has been identified by Salavahana, predecessor of Somavarmadeva whose existence is proved by epigraphic evidence as well. Ananta's supremacy over the ruler of Champa and others is also corroborated by Vikramarik edevacharita of Bilhana and, therefore, the expedition and conquest may be taken as a fact. According to Cunningham, Champa was invaded by Ananta some time in-between 1028 and 1031 A.D., though, as pointed out by Stein, he does not furnish any grounds for his dates. Goetz, however, suggests that the invasion took place in 1059-60 A.D., and that Salavahana was "defeated and killed". In view of the fact that both Bhoja Paramara and Ananta are said to have defeated King Sala (assuming that Sala (Vahana) and Sahavahana were one and the same person, as we have discussed earlier), we are inclined to believe that Ananta defeated Sala some time much earlier. We have already seen that this conquest was one of the factors in the friendship of Ananta and Bhoja Paramara, and Bhoja had died in 1055 A.D. 1. Rajatarangini by Kalhana, I, vii, 818. 2. Indian Antiquary, XVII, p.7 ff. 3. Vikramankadevacharita, XVIII, 38 4. Rajatarangini by Kalhana, I, vii, 218 (Stein's note). 5. Goetz, H., The Early Wooden Temples of Chamba, p. 34; cf. also Vogel, J.Ph., Antiquities of Chamba, I, p. 102. 6. Majumdar, R.C., Struggle for Empire, p.67.

301 This success against the ruler of Champa so emboldened Ananta that he undertook a series of rash and often unplanned campaigns against other petty chieftains. Though his soldiers were tired and exhausted, he marched forth against Kalasa, Ballavar the ruler of Vallapura (Ballapura) only to be entrapped by his enemies and was saved by Haladhara who showed great presence of mi mind. Similarly, he 2 put himself in a very precarious position while invading Urasa and could extricate himself from catastrophe with the timely help of his Commanderin-Chief who made his retreat safe. But, in spite of certain minor difficulties in the beginning, he was, on the whole, successful in his expeditions and enhanced his reputation on the field as well.