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327 Modern Period鈥擳he 18th and 19th century witnessed the transformation of Kerala into the modern age. Colonial rule and the institutions they introduced in Kerala prompted new knowledge and new style of education, which followed the western model. Modern subjects like science, history, and technical subjects were taught in schools and colleges which were started in the state and provinces. The entry of western medicine with the support of the ruling sections of the society was also a remarkable event during this time. In Thiruvithamkur, the western system of treatment was introduced during the time of Rani Lakshmi Bai. At first it was limited only in the royal palace. Then in 1861 Parvathi Bai (1816) started a free charity Allopathi 25 dispensary for common people. During this period European Missionaries were given opportunity for working in the field of education. Gradually modern medicine was popularised in Thiruvithamkur. Those who believed in indigenous medicine gradually began to turn to the western medicines. It was also a fact that during this period the Ayurveda vaidyans in Kochi, Thiruvithamkur and Malabar provinces of Kerala were not fully educated in their science. The lack of standard education among them was a great problem. Influenced by the institutionalised type of western education and social and cultural renaissance generated by the

328 confrontation with modernity, Ayurveda looked for new ways of development. Ayurveda maintain a holistic perspective and give importance to of man's relation with the world and his accumulated experience of life. This was a cause for a new awakening among Scholars, and Indigenious vaidyans had to put up a long struggle for the revival and reformation of Ayurvedic principles. They had to regain their lost reputation. The popular belief in Ayurveda and the commitment of vaidyans to their profession helped reformation and modernization. The opinion was formed that it was necessary to better the teaching learning practices and preparation of medicine by incorporating the contributions and possibilities of the scientific and technological age. It was agreed that modernization according to the demands of the new times should be made in all traditional fields of knowledge. Accordingly, Sanskrit education and Ayurvedic education were made available through the Pathasalas, schools and colleges with proper modification suitable for the modern times. The syllabus was reformed by including modern branches of knowledge and new texts were written for this purpose. New organizations for traditional Ayurvedic practitioners were formed. Hospitals were established both in private and government sectors and Ayurveda faculties were formed in the universities. Number of institutions and hospitals were established in private sector. Kaviyoor Parameswaran

329 muttatu, the disciple of Pachumoossu had started first pathasala of Ayurveda in Thiruvananthapuram in 1886.26 Then in 1890 with the special recommendations of Sri Mulam Thirunal Maharaja, it was taken over by the government. Then P.S.Varier established Kottakal Aryavaidyasala. He was a very good scholar in Sanskrit, Ayurveda and also in Modern medicine. So he tried to bring a synthesis between Ayurveda and Modern medicine and introduced new concepts in the production and marketing of Ayurveda medicine. For the preparation of medicine he started an Ayurvedic factory. Then he formed one association namely Aryasamajam and under its banner published the Dhanvantari Magazine. In the same period Kilimanur S. Veluvaidyan established an Ayurveda vaidyasala known as Kollam Sree Sankara Vilasam Ayurveda Vaidyasala. Like 27 P.S.Varier he was also very good scholar in Ayurveda, Sanskrit and in English. Vayaskara and Cirattaman moossa and Panthalam Krishna Varier started Kottayam Coronation Vaidyasala. The famous poet and scholar in Sanskrit, Ayurveda and Jyothisa, Parameswara Sarma established one Ayurveda Asram at Suceendram and TAS Nambeesan established Sukhodaya Vaidyasala. Vayaskara Aryavilasam Aushadasala and ETM Vaidyasala of ET Divakaran Moossu, Ollur were very helpful to the 28 people. The setting up of these institutions were very good example for the renaissance of Ayurvedic tradition in Kerala.

330 Later the government also turned its attention to this neglected area and started an Ayurvedic study centre at Thiruvananthapuram in 1890. Through this centre government introduced formal education in Ayurveda for the first time. In the beginning the basic qualifying degree fixed for getting admission to the course in Ayurveda was a pass in the Sanskrit Sastri examination Government provided scholarship for students. Girls were also admitted to this course. In 1896 government provided grant for hospitals which were run by qualified Ayurveda doctors. Then government started Ayurvedic medical colleges at Thiruvananthapuram, Tripunithura and Kannur. And they recognized some Ayurveda colleges in private sector, with the help of experts in the field. Government introduced a new common curriculum in all Ayurvedic colleges in Kerala. And they started entrance examination for the admission in Ayurveda colleges., So Government succeeded in the experiment because now Ayurveda is under the formal educational system like the Allopathi. But in the case of Ayurveda, along with formal system of education, informal and traditional education also exists in various forms. In Kerala Ayurvedic doctors/teachers are divided into two types. There are traditional (informal) educators and formal (college) educators. In other words traditional vaidyans are informal educators and the doctors in

331 medical colleges etc.. are formal educators. Traditional vaidyans are rare when compared to the others. Government tries to improve the Ayurvedic field with the recommendation of various commissions. Dr. A.R. Menon, Health Minister (1957) established undergraduate and graduate programmes in Ayurveda which realizes some sort of synthesis between modern knowledge and various subjects of Ayurveda, namely BAMS and MD in Ayurveda.29 In this context contribution of Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier, one of the famous Ayurvedic educators as noted above, was very precious. He established Kottakkal Ayurveda Patasala and established a a medical college. Astangasarira and Brhatsarira written by P.S. Varier were included in the Ayurvedic curriculum. Curriculum and syllabus were modified with the combination of modern science i.e., chemistry, biology etc.. New combinations and associations were explored in education in the true spirit of research.