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The Dutch who followed the Portuguese and came to India with commercial ambitions did not show interest in the establishment of seminaries and colleges. They were concerned about the Indian wisdom in herbal medicines. The publication of the book Hortus Indicus Malabaricus which gives a botanical description of the Kerala medicinal plants for the first time ever in history was the best contribution of the short lived Dutch regime in Kerala. Under the leadership of Dutch ruler Wanties with the help of scholars Rangabhatt, Appubhatt, Vinayankabhatt, the famous Ayurveda vaidyan ittiachyuta had written this book in the year of 1678. He

77 was born in the ezhava caste and was well versed in Sanskrit and Ayurveda, 100 The British East India company who came to India were first interested in the trade only. But in due course of time they also concentrated in the spreading of Christian religion in India. For this purpose missionaries started seminaries in the 18th century. Catholic and Syrian seminaries were established in Kerala. In the early stages, Syrian seminaries at Kottayam offered courses in languages like Syrian, Malayalam and Sanskrit. During this period, by the effort of Christian missionaries modern form of education was introduced in Kerala. The excellent work done by Christian missionaries in introducing western education prepared the way for the active entry of the state into the era to modern education. The direct involvement of the princely state of Travancore in the field of modern education began in 1817 by Rani Gauri Parvathy Bai with the assistance of Divan Colonel Munrou. Under state control, primary schools were started in the villages for the age group of five to ten. In 1834 King Svathi Tirunal started an English school at Thiruvananthapuram. Later it came to known as Raja's school. It is the nucleus of the present University college, Thiruvananthapuram. In 1845 was started an English medium High school at Kochi under government control. Then it came to be known as Maharaja's college of today. The

78 Guruvayurappan college at Calicut and Govt. Victoria college at Palakkad also were started in the year 1877. 101 The foundation of English education was thus firmly laid in different parts of Kerala in the 19th century itself. In due course of time more and more colleges were started in both the private and government sectors. Professional colleges in various fields were also established in many places. They include Law College Thiruvananthapuram (1874). Ayurveda college, Thiruvananthapuram (1889), Engineering college, Thiruvananthapuram (1939), the Svathy Thirunal Academy of Music, Thiruvananthapuram (1939), the Medical college, Thiruvananthapuram (1951) the Agricultural college, Thiruvananthapuram (1955) and the Veterinary college, Thrissur (1955). Till the year of 1937 higher education in Kerala was under the University of Madras, which had interstate jurisdiction. In 1937 Government of Travancore established the University of Travancore for the nourishment of the culture and tradition of the people of the region. But Malabar and Cochin continued their affiliation to the University of Madras. After the formation of Kerala state in Nov. 1956, which unified Cochin and Travancore states with Malabar, Travancore University was renamed as Kerala University [1957]. Later two other universities were established Calicut [1968] and Kochin [1971]. Joseph Mundasseri the

79 educational minister brought education reforms and passed Kerala education act [1957-59]. Then Kerala agriculture University was also established [1971] with it's head quarters at Thrissur. The object of this university is to organize agricultural education and research in the state. The Mahatma Gandhi [1983] university, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit [1993] and Kannur University were also established in Kerala recently. Now Kerala Kalamandalam, the centre of performing arts in Kerala is raised to a deemed university. Guruvayur Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapidam, Puranattukara also is working as a deemed university of Sanskrit. All these universities except CUSAT and agricultural university promote Sanskrit studies in various ways. Kerala has presently a system of education, which provides for ten years at the school level, two years at the higher secondary level attached to school and 3 years at degree level in college. Postgraduate courses in arts, science, commerce and such other subjects are offered in college and university departments. The need of professional education are met by the colleges for engineering and technology, medicine, ayurveda, law, teacher training, agriculture, etc.. which function in different parts of the state under government or private management.. There are also colleges. for imparting instruction in fine arts like music, painting, dance etc.

80 A feature of the contemporary educational scene in Kerala is the predominance of the private sector. The Christian missionaries were active in this field for a longtime and their institutions had contributed to the educational progress of the state. In modern time the community organizations such as N.S.S., S.N.D.P. and, Muslim educational society (M.E.S) entered the educational field and established many schools and colleges. The objective of the universalisation of primary education for all children in the age group 6-14 ensured in the constitution of India, has been realized in the state. In the matter of girls education in Kerala has registered phenomenal progress. A significant feature of the growth of education in Kerala in recent times is the expansion of university education. Closely related to the literacy level in the state is the library movement in Kerala which had its origin in the Nineteenth century. A large number of libraries were set up as a result of the interest taken by the Government as well by the collective effort of local communities. In addition to the public libraries there are many notable libraries run by clubs and important organizations that achieved great educational and cultural importance in Kerala. Libraries were started in rural areas under local administrations. Each educational institution had its own library attached to it. The growth of the publication of newspapers and

81 periodicals in Malayalam and English also produced a remarkable reading community in Kerala. According to Sunith Kumar Chaterji the chair of Sanskrit education commission, Kerala of all the regions in India, is perhaps the most permeated by Sanskrit. Brahmanas, all classes of non Brahmins, Ezhavas, Christians and Muslims, boys and girls, all of these normally take to Sanskrit. The Namputiri families of Kerala have preserved and still continue to preserve the veda, the different sastras and the technical subjects of ayurveda, jyotisa and the esoteric mantrasutra. 102 After the half of 19th century in Kerala the traditional Sanskrit education was weakened. The introduction of colonial education prepared conditions for modernizing Sanskrit education for incorporating it in schools and in colleges. The policy of English education during the British period was oriented towards obtaining a white collar job for the middle class Indians after getting a degree. This system began to influence Sanskrit education also. In the new circumstances, there was lesser chance for employment for a student of Sanskrit when compared to the students of English and modern subjects.

82 The formal system of education followed a fixed and predetermined curriculum according to fixed time tables, a public examination at the end of the course and award of certificate, diploma or degree. It is motivated by employment opportunities. Under this system a number of Sanskrit schools and colleges were started. The three big Sanskrit colleges at Thiruvananthapuram (1889). Tripunithura (1914) and Pattambi (1911) had their origin from the traditional Sanskrit patasalas and gradually they were converted to modern institutions. The royal houses of Travancore and Kochin were liberal patrons of Sanskrit. Sanskrit colleges started by them at Thiruvananthapuram and Tripunithura respectively attracted distinguished pandits form all over the south India. These institutions started many courses in various Sanskrit disciplines like Vyakarana, Vedanta etc. and conducted examinations and conferred titles and degres to students. In the case of Malabar Sanskrit education was popularised under the leadership of Punnasseri Nampi Neelakandha Sarma who started a Sanskrit pathasala at Perumutiyoor in 1889. Then this pathasala was reconstituted as Sarasadodyotini Central Sanskrit college. The education department of that time approved it as modern pathasala and some Sanskrit schools of Wayanad, Ponnani, Guruvayur, Malappuram, and Chittur etc were associated with this 103 institution. A pass in the 5th class was the main qualification for the

83 admission of this institution. Good character is very important for the admission. Pupils of all castes came to Perumutiyoor and learned Sanskrit from Nambi who was an orthodox Brahmin but believed that the goddess of Vidya, Saraswati, was above the evils of untouchability and was accessible to all. He did not allow caste considerations to corrupt the ideal atmosphere of teaching and learning in his institution which was fondly called as Punnasseri gurukulam by his disciples. Kodungallur gurukulam was one of the very famous centres of study of south India that flourished towards the like Nalanda at the end of the 19th century at Thrissur. "Vidya asmat paradevata" was the key note of this gurukula. They followed the traditional system of education and students had chance to choose subjects according to their own taste and interest like The subject taught were kavya, veda, vedangas, darsanas silpa, sangeetha, Ayurveda and Kamasutra etc. Translation, rapid verification Aksarasloka, Vakyartha sadas etc are also conducted here. Number of poets scholars, scientists and artists etc were lived in this gurukula as a teacher or student. Attoor Krishna pisharody, Vidvan Godavarma Valiyatampuran, Kavi Sarvabouman Kochunni Tampuran, Godavarma Tampuran, Tampuran, Cheriya Kunjunni Tampuran, Marumakan Thampuran, Mahakavi Kunjikuttan Tampuran etc are the some of the famous scholars in this gurukula. In 1880 they started Sahitya Kalari which

84 helped to teachers and students in literary exercises. During the holidays. students conducted various entertainment activities like drama, rapid verification, presentation of prabantha, story writing etc. Sanskrit language and allied subjects were strengthened because of the effects of Smt. Kunji Kutti Thampuratty who was one of the best scholar of this gurukulam. She established Kodungallur Vidyapitham. In the year of 1974-75. She started praksastri, Sastri Acarya courses in Vyakarana, Sahitya Vedanta and modern Indian languages. Now it is affiliated to Rastriya Sanskrit Samstan, New Delhi. 104 At Kalady, there was a Sanskrit pathasala conducted by Swami Agamananda of the Ramakrishna mission. He later established a Sanskrit middle school at Kalady and it developed into the present Sankara college, Mattoor, Kalady. Among the pathasala the one at Chittur to attached a large number of students. Chittur pathasala was established for the teaching of Yajurveda in 150 years back. In later teaching of Yajurveda was in a pitiable stage. Then Atmananda Swami was restarted this pathasala for the Sanskrit education on the half of the 20th century. At that period vedic classes was run in a very limited level. About 20 years back teaching learning process of veda was stopped because of the influence of modern education. Today it is an oriented school.

85 Prof. K.P. Narayanapisharoty, Vidvan C.S.Nair, K.V.M., Kuttikrishna Marar, Mahakavi P Kunjiraman Nayar etc., are some of the best products of Nampi's institution. This institution later developed into Sri Neelakandha Government Sanskrit College, Pattambi. P.T. Kuriyako Master started the Sahitya Deepika Sanskrit College at Pavaratti in the year 1911 which was later adopted by the Rashtriya Sanskrit Samsthan and enhanced to the status of a deemed university recently. Mahamahopadhyaya M. Kuppuswami Sastri, Prof. of Madras Presidency college was the main force behind the reformation of the Sanskrit courses with a new curriculum. He constituted Vidvan, Siromani titles for the traditional education and honors and M.A for the modern subjects. The modern age of Sanskrit education started in Kerala from that period. At the same time Sanskrit education of Tripunithura and Thiruvanathapuram had a royal touch. Parikshit Tampuran was responsible for the flourish of Sanskrit Scholarship in Tripunithura. For this purpose he conducted 'Sastrasadas' at Tripunithura from 1926 onwards. Through these sadas Kerala Sanskrit tradition became very famous all over India. The collection and Publication of manuscripts in Thiruvanathapuram Sanskrit granthavali became the centre point of the Sanskrit research at Thiruvanathapuram. Scholar were also engaged in the writing of history of Kerala Sanskrit literature. Ullur S.Parameswara lyer, who wrote the literary history of Kerala 'Kerala

86 Sahitya Caritram'; in 5 volumes, devoted 2 volumes for Sanskrit literature. Vadakkumkur Rajaraja Varma Raja wrote Keraliya Samskrta Sahitya Caritram in 5 Volumes and supplementary to it Samskrta Sahitya Caritram carccayum puranavum. K.Kunjunniraja published. History of Sanskrit literature using the modern research methodology in 1958 which is still the authoritative work in this field. These scholar travelled far and wide in Kerala and collected palm leaf manuscript from the traditional families of scholars and revealed the wealth of knowledge of Keralites. The most distinguished achievement of these scholars was that they were all very both in Malayalam and Sanskrit. Hereby Kerala education system follows the three language formula. In this system English, Hindi and regional or mother tongue are compulsory. So Sanskrit is a optional subject or subsidiary subject. But the optional Sanskrit is taught as first language, instead of Malayalam in schools. So the parents and students consider Sanskrit as an unnecessary substitute for Malayalam. They have a tendency to reject this language as it is not a living language. They also do not know about the importance of Sanskrit, the cultural language, of India, the only classical language which is related to all the other Indian languages. In the college level Sanskrit is taught as a second language and it is not compulsory. Hindi, Malayalam or any other Indian languages also

87 could be studied in the same way. And in some colleges Sanskrit is the main subject degree course (like B.A Sanskrit). Sanskrit is often subsidiary paper in Malayalam P.G. courses specialized subjects like Sanskrit, Sahitya, Vyakarana, Nyaya, Vedanta etc., are taught for B.A degree and P.G. in several colleges. In Ayurveda colleges Sanskrit is being taught because the theory of the Ayurveda sastra is rooted in Sanskrit and the Ayurveda texts are written in this language. A number of private agencies are conducting jyotisa, tantra and Vastu courses in Kerala. The Vastu and Jyotisastra students also learn Sanskrit language for the same purpose. In a very rare 'pure Sanskrit school' are following the Sanskrit as a compulsory subject and they had opportunity to studying two book first and second.