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1. The thesis incorporates ethnobotanical studies of 'Nath' of Bundelkhand region, carriedout during 1998-2001. 2. An introduction to the present work is given, emphasising the importance of the work. 3. The social condition of 'Nath' is briefly described to introduce the people on which the study is made. 4. A detailed review of literature on the subject of study is given. highlighting various ethnobotanical surveys done in India. 5. 6. Methods used for the fulfilment of the objectives are given, followed by the description of the area of study including physiography, soil, climate etc. Under the head of 'Enumeration of plant species', plants are described ethnobotanically highlighting their ethnobotanical uses, wheather recorded through this work for the first time or recorded earlier by the workers in Bundelkhand or elsewhere in India. 7. The ethnobotanical distribution is also given with reference to India in general and Bundelkhand region in particular, alongwith the description of plants. Under the part of discussion a detailed classified list of 272 Species. 211 Genera, 74 Family is given in tabular form showing the occurrence as well as the sources of informations of the plants (Table-1). 8. 9. The data on occurrence of the plant species based on visual observation indicated that out of 272 plant species of ethnobotanical importance 24 plant species are rare and 13 plant species are endangered due to their over exploitation by the rural people for various purposes (Table-2). 10. The ethnobotanical observations have revealed the following important ethnobotanical uses suggested by 'Nath' and other rural people. Food. fodder, medicinal, antidote, superstitions, veternary, tanin, dye, timber, agricultural implements, baskets etc.

11. For the sake of convenience various ethobotanical categories of plants alongwith the number of plants used for the purpose can be summarised as under. Ethnobotanical uses A. FOOD PLANTS Number of plants used Pickles A Condiments 1 Spices 3 Lactation inducing plants in women 6 VEGETABLES Bulb Flower Fruits Leaves Corm/Rhizome/Tuber Whole plant WILD EDIBLE PLANT Flower Fruits Rhizome Seeds Whole plant B. FODDER 1 2 8 00 14 2 1 1 18 1 6 1 Feed and Fodder for domestic animals 12 C. MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF : Abortifacient 1 Acidity 1 Abscess 1 Antidotes to Snakebite. Scorpion, Insect 66 & Bee sting

Anemia Asthma 1 13 Backache 4 Boils 28 Bone fracture 1 Brain tonic 4 Cancer 1 Candidiasis Catract Cooling effect Colic/Stomachache/Indigestion 1 1 2 12 5 Constipation Cough/Whooping Cough/ Cold Cuts/Wounds 21 NAG 14 Dendruff sl 5 Diarrhoea/Dysentery Diabetes Diuratic Ear Complaints Easy delivery Elephantiasis Eye diseases Fever/Malerial fever Gastric trouble General debility Glycosuria Goitre Gonorrhoea Hair tonic 36 7 1 9 1 1 12 34 1 21 1 3 T 3 195

Headache Heart disease Hicca 12 50 2 Hysteria 1 Hydrocele 2 Hydrophobia 5 Impotance 6 Infertility 1 Inflamation/Burns 2 Insomnea 1 Intestinal worms/Intestinal disorders 13 Jaundice 12 Lactation deficiency 6 Laprosy 6 Leucorrhoea Liver disorders Marasmus Measles Menstrual disorder Migrain Nail disease 10 7 3 1 2 Paralysis 1 2 6 17 5 - N Piles/Annal麓ssures Pimples Pneumonia Pyrrhoea/Tooth complaints/Scurvy Reduce narcotic effect Ring Worm Round worm Rheumatism 3 0 2 5 9 13

Sciatica 4 Scrofula 1 Skin diseases 49 Swellings Spermatorrhoea 1 2 Stomatitis Stone of Kidney Sun stroke 3 6 3 Superficial thrombophlobitis/Thrombophlobitis 4 Toothache Tuberculosis Tumor Typhoid Uncounciousness Urinary calculus Uterus diseases Veneral diseases Vermicidal 3 2 1 1 1 9 1 1 2 6 Vomitting/Vomitting of blood D.SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEF (TOTEMS) RELATED PLANTS - 19 (TABLE-3) E.VETERNARY Boils Cold Eruption Eye diseases Fever Improve lactation Intestinal worms Feet disease (Khurpaka) 1 2 2 _ 2 1 1 1

Lice/Insects Maggots Rheumatism Skin diseases/Worts Sores/Foot sores Stomachache/Colic/Intestinal disorders Tongue diseases Wounds F. TANNIN 2 1 - N W W N 1 3 2 3 4 2 G. DYE Blue dye Orange dye Yellow dye 1 1 1 H. TIMBER/FURNITURE/MUSICAL INSTUMENTS 11 1. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS 10 J. BASKET, BROOM, BRUSH, MAT AND TOYS 6 K. FIBRE 3 L. WINE 1 M. LEAFY POTS (Dauna & Pattal) 1 3 N. OIL O. SQUASH P. DETERGENT Q. SMOKE MATERIAL R. FUEL S. HUT MATERIAL 2 N - W 1 1 4 3 T. OFFERINGS TO GOD AND GODDESS (TABLE- 4) 20 U. FESTIVAL RELATED TO PLANTS (TABLE-5) 6

12. Of the above mentioned various uses of plants. following are the new ethnobotanical records falling into two categories :- (Refer ennumeration of the plant) (a) The plant species representing those which have been new ethnobotanical records or uses - 37. (b) The plant species besides more popular uses, atleast one ethnobotanical use is given which is endemic to the area of study - 71. 13. Some important aspects have also come into light during the ethnobotanical observation, which are ethnically work mentioning - (a) The tribe/rural people have been found to have a good deal of plant based information(s) practicing totems for curing the ailments (Table-3) (b) A total number of (20 species) plant species are found associated with the religious sentiments of the tribe/local inhabitants offering them to their dieties in the form of flower, fruits or leaves (Table-4). (c) In reference to the religious sentiments some plants (6 species) fall in the category of the sacred plants (table-5). 14. The study revealed that a total of about 66 plant species reported to have antivenom property (Table-6), these species have also been reported by earlier workers. The ethnobotanical data recorded during the course of investigation were compaired with the available literature has mentioned in the text and found that a total of about 18 plant species are being reported for the first time to be used as an antidote to snakebite and scorpion sting. 15. The relevant ethnobotanical distribution is given plant wise alongwit the ethnobotanical uses of 272 plant species (Chapter鈥�-5). 16. A general discussion is given seperately in chapter - 6 High lighting the following point. (i) The people belonging to the Nath tribe, rural people, herbalist and medicenmen appeared more conservative while some of them seemed proved of telling the secrets known to them.

(ii) The plant species were arranged according to the Bentham & Hooker system of the classification. (iii) The plant species were also categorised in twenty one categories (Categories A to U and also point no. 11 of the above) (iv) An over all assessment has also indicated that a large no. of plants occupy foremost place for curing snakebite. scorpionsting & insectbite, next in order coming those used in the treatment of skin diseases diarrhoea/dysentery etc. (v) A change in the out look of the people of 'Nath' tribe has also been observed, probably due to the impact of the modern world. (vi) The applied aspect of the present study has been discussed. The ethnobotanical information procured need to be investigated scientifically to invent cheaper drugs and other economic products. 17. An alphabetically, Chronologically arranged list of references is given under bibliography. 18. In support of the present findings some selected photographs have also been given in the form of plates 1 to 10.