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17 appears to have been composed in Bengal, because the author, Bhatta Venadatta Acaryya, has an undoubted Bengali title, Tarkavagica. A fragment of another very important work has been acquired, named Decavalivivrti, by Jagannatha Pandit, composed about 200 yeas ago, under the patronage of a Ksatriya Raja in the district of Patna. It treats of the history and geography of eighteen different countries, commencing from Behar Eastward. It includes descriptions of Burma, Siam, and other countries in the Eastern Peninsula. The conquests and character of Raja Sucandra, an ancient Buddhist King of Magadha, remind us of King Acoka. The Thathutthang, a Burmese work, also mentions the conquests of King Sucendra. It gives an interesting account of the origin of the Yogi caste, and of the struggle between the Rajaputrakas and Bhumiharas for ascendency in Behar during the Musalman period. The operations of the last three years have considerably increased our knowledge of ancient Bengali literature. Hit erto, the latter end of the sixteenth century was regarded as the period for the commencement of Bengali literature, that is, learned people thought that the followers of Caitanya were the first pioneers of Bengali Poetry, and that the Vaisnava literature was the earliest effort towards the formation of a Vernacular literature in Bengal. But Bengali works of a much higher antiquity have been received or discovered within the last three years, and every one of them from some out-ofthe-way corner of the Province. One work is dated 1495 A. D.; another was written during the reign of Husain Shah, 1491 to 1523; a third was composed during the reign of Nasrat Shah, the successor of Husain Shah. Some of these works were written under the patronage of some Muhammadan grandees, who seem to have followed the settled policy of the Bengal Saiyad Dynasty, of conciliating the Hindu population by encouraging the growth and development of their Vernacular literature. It seems certain that before the accession of this dynasty to power, Bengal had already a strong body of Vernacular writers, and that the Vernaculars were encouraged by the higher classes of Society, the Kayasthas and Brahmans. Maladhar Basu, who obtained from his Muhammadan sovereign the title of Gunaraj Khan, and who is the founder of one of the most aristocratic Kayastha clans of Bengal, translated between the years 1472 and 1482, the 10 th and 11 th Skandhas of the Grimadbhagavat in beautiful Bengali verse. Krttivasa, who was hitherto considered to be a contemporary of Akbar, was the grandson of Murari Ojha, and ninth in descent from one of the Brahmans who received Kulinism from Ballal Sen. Krttivasa, therefore, must have flourished by the middle of the fifteenth century. He composed a Bengali work on the life and achievements of Rama, differing widely from the version given by Valmiki. What led to this literary activity amongst the higher classes is not yet known, but there are indications by which it may be guessed. It is said that the goddess of Serpents and Mangal Candi used to be largely worshipped by the lower classes, and the Brahmans who deserted their own camp and became the priests of these aboriginal deities,