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In his Foreword to the third Edition of the Bibliography' of my Published Writings my esteemed friend Rao Bahadur K. V. Rangaswami Aiyangar observed as follows:-"Every library and institution interested in Indic Studies, and every scholar that can afford the price, will require a set of the published papers. Every student who has gained some light and guidance in his own special field from some paper or papers of Prof. Gode will, therefore, one feels assured, join in the prayerful hope that before a scholarly life of such remarkable fecundity reaches its sixtieth year, the next edition of this Bibliography will be replaced by the contents sections of a collection of Prof. Gode's research publications and reviews, representing the achievement of over thirty years of a life dedicated to the discovery and propagation of historical truth." This prayerful hope of my learned friend was not expressed in vain. In the rainy season of 1946 I had the good fortune of meeting after many years my old friend Acarya Muni Jinavijayaji, when he stayed for a few days in the Nizam Guest House of the B. O. R. Institute. I entered the service of the Institute on 26 th April 1919. At this time the Government Manuscripts Library containing about 20,000 manuscripts was given in my special charge and Muniji, who was then staying in the Bharata Jain Vidyalaya near the Institute, was engaged day and night in studying the Jain manuscripts in the Government Manuscripts Library and preparing a Descriptive Catalogue of them and planning critical editions of Jain texts, many of which have been published in subsequent years. It was at this time that the bonds of friendship between myself and Muniji were forged for the first time and strengthened in later years even though Muniji left Poona and continued his studies outside Poona. During his stay in Poona referred to above I had occasion to ascertain Muniji's deep interest in all my writings pertaining to Indian literary history and the history of Indian culture and allied topics. In one of our talks he expressed his great appreciation of all my writings published in numerous Oriental 1. Thirty Years of Historical Research or Bibliography of the Published Writings of P. K. Gode (1916-1946), Poona, 1947, Page iii of Foreword. The first Edition of this Bibliography was published in 1939 and the Second Edition of this Bibliography dedicated to my revered guru the late Dr. P. D. Gune, was brought out in 1941 with a Foreword by my venerable friend Principal J. R. Gharpure. 19 dvi

(vii) Journals since 1919 and desired that I should publish them in a book-form. In response to this desire I estimated the extent of my published writings and the probable cost of publishing them. According to my estimate the total extent of my writings came up to about 2500 printed pages, which if published in a book-form would cost about Rs. 25000, a sum which no Indian scholar of moderate means can afford to spend on his writings. Without getting perturbed at the estimated cost of publishing my writings in a book-form, Muniji spontaneously offered in a spirit of brotherhood to publish two volumes of my studies in literary history, each volume consisting of about 500 pages. I cannot adequately express my sense of gratitude to Muniji for this act of brotherhood prompted solely by his disinterested love of learning and catholicity of literary interests, characteristic of all true devotees of Sarasvati, the goddess of learning, worshipped alike in this Bharatavarsa from remote antiquity up to the present day by all our countrymen, Brahmanical, Jain and Buddhist. As the Director and General Editor of the Singhi Fain Series Muni Jinavijayaji has maintained a broad outlook in the selection of works to be published in this series. This outlook has been doing yeoman's service to the cause of the Bharatiya Vidya, for the promotion of which Muniji agreed to work as the Director of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, founded by his eminent friend Sri K. M. Munshi ten years ago. In the conduct of my own studies during the last 33 years I have also maintained a broad outlook in the selection of problems for historical investigation as will be seen from the contents of my Bibliography referred to above. " Bharatiya Vidya" in the broadest sense of the term includes studies pertaining to Indian literature, Brahmanical, Jain and Buddhist. Though the Brahmanical studies have been my main concern I have not excluded the field of Jain literature and history from my investigations as the two fields are intermingled. I could not carry out any studies pertaining to the Buddhist literature for want of Buddhist Manuscripts in our Manuscripts Library, which contains, however, about 4000 manuscripts pertaining to the Jain field, a source of inspiration to me as it is rich in chronological data, which are the very back-bone of all historical research worth the name. Some of my studies in Jain literary history included in the present volume will amply bear out the truth of my statement. An accurate and encyclopaedic history of Sanskrit literature cannot be written unless all the known sources of such a history represented by the wealth of manuscript material in our manuscript collections, private or public, have been fully exploited by genera-

(vili ) tions of diligent research workers dedicating their lives to this academic work of national importance. I developed this view thirty years ago and applied myself seriously to the study of the history and chronology of Sanskrit works as far as it could be reconstructed on documentary evidence of published and unpublished literary sources. Wrong chronology produces wrong history and want of chronology produces no history worth the name. In my studies I have all along endeavoured to fix the limits for the chronology of each author and his works, known or unknown, studied by me so that the work of the historian may become easy and dependable for further research in the field. My approach to the problems handled by me has been strictly realistic as I have explained in a special article "Indian Chronology: A Plea for Realism" published in the Aryan Path (June 1945, pages 201-206). In all my papers I have tried to record detailed references to the books and manuscripts used by me so that future workers may examine my evidence and satisfy themselves about the validity of my conclusions as limited by the evidence at my disposal. In short my papers provide an index-finger to the varied sources of historical research that still await exploitation and critical investigation. Only when the history and chronology of all known texts have been determined we shall be in a position to use them for the reconstruction of Indian literary or cultural history. For the history of Indian linguistics also the study of Indian literary chronology is of paramount importance. I strongly hope that my studies in literary and cultural history of India would be of some use for the Sanskrit Dictionary on historical principles which has been projected by my learned friend and colleague, Dr. S. M. Katre, the Director of the Deccan College Research Institute, Poona, and work on which has been proceeding apace through a special Sanskrit Dictionary Department working under his guidance and supervision. The method of historical research adopted by me is patent to every one who has cared to carry on historical investigation in any field of knowledge. It is, however, necessary to say a few words about the specific technique of this method which has been responsible for the type of studies incorporated in the present volume. To me all old manuscripts, documents, printed books, not to say other sources of history, are worthy of reverence and careful preservation. In fact they are the very life-blood of all historical research. Catalogues of all these sources of history in general and Descriptive Catalogues in particular provide us an important tool of research as they are a view-finder through which one can have a glimpse of the vast and varied source-material for research in different collections of manuscripts, books etc. avail-

(ix) able throughout the world. It is the duty of every genuine research-worker in the field of Indian literary and cultural history to squeeze out this source material again and again for enriching our scanty knowledge of the specific fields of this history. In an ideal history of literature the chronology of every author and his literary production ought to be represented definitely or at least within narrow limits. If we cast a glance at the entries about works and authors in Aufrecht's Catalogus Catalogorum we find that with the exception of a few entries for which some chronology is available the whole catalogue looks like a big sign of interrogation in time and space. This sign of interrogation will be enlarged when the New Catalogus Catalogorum' is published by the University of Madras. As inheritors of the immense wealth of literary heritage, which would be briefly indicated in this great catalogue we would be failing in our duty towards this treasure of knowledge if we do not make an organised effort to reduce this sign of interrogation if not remove it altogether in the years to come. At any rate I have spent the best energy of my life during the last thirty years of my service at the B. O. R. Institute in contributing my mite towards such an organised effort. All my studies in the field of literary history have been designed as stepping stones to a monumental history of Indian literature, Jain, Brahmanical and Buddhist, when it comes to be written with the help of well chiselled bricks of historical facts and the durable cement of definite chronology gathered year after year by an indefatigable band of literary masons working in unison without a break. There is nothing inherently enchanting in the dead bones of the sources of history but they become enchanting to an investigator of historical truth when he realizes the bearing of the contents of these sources on the problems under his investigation. In fact it is the spirit of investigation that makes these dead bones alive and speak for or against a thesis which the investigator wants to prove. Though no investigator can be a monster of omniscience", he should at least try to get acquainted with the contents of all known sources of his investigation, published or unpublished. " 1. Work on this Catalogue is being done by Dr. V. Raghavan for the last fifteen years. When completed this Catalogue would provide a first-rate tool for research in Indian Literary History. The first Volume of this Catalogue containing entries for the letter A-3 has just been published. It fully justifies my expectations about its high standard of scholarship and usefulness as I have pointed out in detail in my review of this volume in the Hindu of Madras for 18-12-1949.

(鉁�) Without such acquaintance he cannot evaluate any new source when it comes to light accidentally or through the efforts of brother-investigators. The wider and the deeper the acquaintance of an investigator with the known sources, the larger is the number of problems that crop up for his investigation. He alone is a "Complete Angler" in historical research who sits patiently on the shores of antiquity by casting a close and comprehensive net of knotty problems and catches daily some new facts bearing "Comon the solution of these problems. Though I am not a plete Angler "I have practised such angling on the shores of Indian antiquity commensurate with the scanty leisure at my disposal. I have under investigation innumerable problems and have maintained separate "Problem files Problem files " for them. Facts bearing on these problems, as soon as they are discovered, are noted on separate sheets with indication of their chronology and inserted in these files. When a sufficient number of analogous facts clarifying a problem is gathered in course of time these facts are released in the form of an article. Sometimes it takes years before a problem is clarified or completely solved; but if an investigator toils diligently year after year he is sure to be rewarded for his toil by a decent number of original research papers every year as will be seen not only from my Bibliography but from those of other savants' in the world. The Yogavasistha rightly emphasises the need, value and fruitful character of abhyasa or study in the following lines:- " bhagyani yanti vaiphalyam nabhyasastu kadacana " (Yogavasistha, Nirvanaprakarana, Sarga 67, Verse 32). 1. The Bibliography (95 pages) of one of these savants, William Healey Dall (1845-1927) published by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1946, records no less than 1607 publications of this great American Scientist whose remarks about an ideal seeker of the truth are forcefully applicable to any ideal research worker in the field of Indology as well. These remarks made in 1888 and quoted on the first page of the above Bibliography are as follows:- " Naturalists are born and not made; that the sacred fire cannot be extinguished by poverty nor lighted from a college taper. That the men whose work is now classical and whose devotion it is our privilege to honour owed less to education in any sense than they did to self-denial, steadfastness, energy, a passion for seeking out the truth and an innate love of nature. These are the qualities which enabled them to gather fruit of the tree of knowledge."

(xi) "Fortunes may become fruitless but never so study" 66 yena'bhyasah parityaktah iste vastuni so'dhamah " (Ibid, verse 34 ) "He is the meanest wretch, who abandons the pursuit of his ideal." Abhyasa is defined as repeated application 66 rr paunahpunyena karanamabhyasa iti kathyate | " " _: These remarks' of the Yogavasistha will not fail to carry their message to all genuine students of all times and climes. At any rate I have realized their full significance in my post-graduate research work for the last thiry-three years of my life.2 The articles included in the present volume were originally published in different Oriental Journals and other publications at different times. I have indicated at the commencement of each article in a footnote the exact title of the publication in which the article was originally published together with such details as would facilitate a reference to the original article. In the arrangement of articles in the volume I have generally followed the chronological order. It was, however, found impossible to give a definite chronologial order for the entire matter included in the volume owing to certain authors and their works being fixed up only within broad limits of chronology, which may be narrowed down by subsequent students of the problems handled by me. The idea of the arrangement of these articles subjectwise had also to be given up owing to the overlapping character of the material in many of the 1. See the Yogavasisthadarsana, edited by B. L. Atreya, Benares, 1935, pp. 80-81 (). The Sun of abhyasa (abhyasabhaskara) illumines the world :- " sarvasya jantujatasya sarvavastvavabhasane | sarvadevaika evoccairjayatyabhyasabhaskarah || 7 || drdhabhyasabhidhanena yatnanamna svakarmana | nijavedanajeneva siddhirbhavati nanyatha || 8 || " 2. I had an occasion to point out the remarks of the Yogavasistha on abhyasa to the audience at a function in my honour held on 18 th May, 1949 at the B. O. R. Institute with M. M. Dr. P. V. Kane in the chair. Though no students in the audience approached me to learn the details of these remarks, some professors approached me next day and took down the exact verses from the Yogavasistha quoted by me at the function.

(xii) articles. Some of the authors have written works on different subjects and consequently my articles dealing with these authors and their works could not be classified subjectwise. My only object in bringing out my scattered articles in a book-form is to make them available to the research students who are handicapped in their studies for want of access to all Oriental journals in any single library. The present volume will be useful not only to such research students but also to me in my future work on account of the exhaustive Indices prepared by my learned friends Dr. A. D. Pusalker, M. A., LL. B., Ph. D. of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, and Principal N. A. Gore, M. A. of the Kanara College, Kumta. These Indices enhance the reference-value of the volume. I am deeply indebted to both these friends for their arduous labour of love, which is a token of their brotherly affection for me and disinterested devotion to Sarasvati. The first of these Indices, a work of immense scholarly labour, was prepared by Dr. Pusalker in spite of his heavy work as Assistant Editor of the History of India projected by the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, and sent to me punctually as soon as I completed the printing of my articles in the Volume. The second Index, no less scholarly and important, was prepared by Principal Gore in spite of all his literary work and administrative commitments, as Principal of a newly started college and sent to me just in time as soon as I completed the printing of Dr. Pusalker's Index. One rarely enjoys such self-less and dependable scholarly collaboration in one's literary endeavours. In the Introduction to the Bibliography of my writings published in 1947 I have thanked all my friends and well-wishers, whose co-operation and blessings have encouraged me to carry on my researches in Indian literary and cultural history for over three decades. It remains for me to thank some of these friends who have directly helped me in the publication of the present volume. Among these friends I have to convey my cordial thanks to my esteemed friend and literary confrere, Dr. S. M. Katre, M. A., Ph. D., whose advice and co-operation not only in all our joint efforts for the promotion of Indology during the last sixteen years but also in my own research work I have fortunately enjoyed without a break. As far as possible I have followed his very useful suggestions with regard to the arrangement and publication of the papers included in the present volume. Special thanks are due to Mr. S. N. Savadi, B. A. (Hons.), the senior assistant of the Manuscript Department and Mr. G. N. Shrigondekar, B. A., the Librarian of the B. O. R. Institute, for their willing co-operation in the

(xiii) correction of some of the proofs, especially of the Indices to the Volume. As Curator of the B. O. R. Institute for over 30 years I have enjoyed the privilege of the friendship and unstinted co-operation of all the past and present office-bearers and other members of the Institute. I take this opportunity of recording my most cordial thanks to all these friends, some of whom are unfortunately not living to-day to see the publication of this volume! Among these departed friends I remember with gratitude and reverence my friend and guru the late Dr. P. D. Gune, M. A., Ph. D. (died 1922), who put me on the path to Indology, and the late Dr. V. S. Sukthankar, M. A., Ph. D. (died 1943), the General Editor of the Mahabharata, who was my friend and colleague for 17 years (1925-1943). Dr. Sukthankar's daily scholarly contact with me during this period gave the most vitalising stimulus and encouragement to my sustained literary endeavour of almost a quarter of a century. all my Among friends from whom I have received considerable encouragement in all my work at the Institute I must gratefully mention Principal J. R. Gharpure, B. A., LL. B. and Dr. R. N. Dandekar, M. A., Ph. D., who as Chairman of the Executive Board and Secretary of the Institute respectively for the last ten years have tried their best to promote its growth in spite of the difficulties created by the great world war. Thanks are also due to all the members of the staff, especially Mr. Y. R. Junnarkar (Assistant Curator), Mr. G. N. Shrigondekar (Librarian), and Messers G. S. Deshpande and G. B. Kulkarni, whose loyalty to the Institute and harmonious co-operation with me have facilitated administrative work as Curator of the Institute for more than 35 years. In 1935 the work of the preparation and publication of the several Volumes of the Descriptive Catalogue of the Govt. Manuscripts Library was entrusted to me by the Executive Board. I started this work with the help of two assistants Dr. M. M. Patkar, B.A., Ph. D. and Mr. S. N. Savadi, B. A. (Hons.). In 1943 Dr. Patkar joined the Deccan College Research Institute and Mr. Savadi took his place as senior assistant in the Manuscript Department. I record my best thanks to these co-workers for their careful and conscientious work not only on the Descriptive Catalogue but in other matters connected with this Department. The present volume of my studies happily inaugurates a new series of Memoirs called "Shri Bahadur Singh Singhi Series " started in memory of the late Shri Bahadur Singhji Singhi (1885- 1944), the magnanimous and enlightened founder of the Singhi Jain Series, by his great friend Acarya Muni Jinavijayaji. Two

(xiv) volumes have already been published as commemoration volumes in memory of the late Shri Bahadur Singhji but this series of Memoirs has been commenced with the express purpose of commemorating his illustrious name permanently. This series of Memoirs will include all critical studies pertaining to Indian literature while the Singhi Jain Series will contain critical editions not only of texts pertaining to Jain literature but also those pertaining to Indian literature in general. The Singhi Jain Series is the fruit of the pious liberality of Babu Shri Bahadur Singhji Singhi and commemorates the name of his revered father Babu Shri Dalchandji Singhi (1865-1927), who was a great patron of learning throughout his life. It is one of the declared aims of this Series to publish not only the critical editions of texts but also critical Studies by competent research scholars on all branches of Indian Literature, which are the glorious literary heritage of India. The volumes so far published in the Singhi Jain Series have already endeared themselves to Indologists all over the world. Literature knows no limitations of time and clime and I hope that the Singhi Jain Series of the critical editions. of texts and the Shri Bahadursingh Singhi Memoris of critical studies inaugurated by this volume, will grow in content and world-wide literary prestige under the distinguished editorship of my esteemed friend Acarya Muni Shri Jinavijayaji. The life-long services of Muniji to Indian literature and culture have been very great and they have been fittingly recognised by no less an academic body than the German Oriental Society, who have made him their Honorary Member. I take this opportunity of recording here my most hearty congratulations to Muniji upon this unique international honour conferred on him by this noblest body of the Orientalists' world and wish him long life and good health to continue his disinterested services to the Bharatiya Vidya. Though Babu Bahadur Singhji Singhi, the noble and illustrious founder of the Singhi Jain Series is no more with us to continue his ceaseless efforts for furthering the cause of our ancient literature and culture, his two worthy sons, Babu Rajendra Singh Singhi and Babu Narendra Singh Singhi have been carrying out the pious. wishes of their revered father in promoting this sacred cause. cannot adequately express my sense of gratitude and appreciation for their genuine love of learning and the spirit of benefaction, which have contributed in no small way to the distinguished progress of the Singhi Jain Series. In conclusion I offer my sincere thanks to my friend Shri S. R. Sardesai, B. A., LL. B., the Manager of the Samartha Bharat Press, I

(xv) Poona, for his careful and expeditious printing of the present volume in spite of all difficulties through which all presses in India had to pass during the last five years. Since 1920 Shri Sardesai has been a life-worker of the Samartha Vidyalaya, of which I was a student in the year (1906-07) of its foundation by Prof. V. G. Vijapurkar. It is a happy coincidence that the Samartha Bharat Press (conducted by the Samartha Vidyalaya of Talegaon near Poona) which printed the third edition of the Bibliography of my writings in 1947 should print in 1953 this first volume of my studies. My contact with Prof. Vijapurkar though short has left on my mind an indelible stamp of his self-sacrificing life, burning patriotism, deep learning and spotless character. As iny revered Guru the late Dr. Pandurang Damodar Gune initiated me into the study of the Bharatiya Vidya and his great friend Acarya Muni Sri Jinavijayaji has initiated the publication of this first volume of my studies, I have taken the liberty of dedicating it to both these benefactors in partial redemption of the heavy debt of gratitude I owe to them. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona 4, Vijaya-Dasami 17 th October 1953. P. K. GODE.