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DHARMADHIKARA峁咥 AND DHARMADHIKARIN BY D. C. SIRCAR [ 啶呧い啷嵿ぐ 啶侧�囙�栢�� [atra lekhe ] '啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぐ啶� [诲丑补谤尘腻诲丑颈办补谤补峁嘺] ' '啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぞ啶班た啶ㄠ�� [诲丑补谤尘腻诲丑颈办腻谤颈苍] ' 啶囙い啷嵿く啷囙い啶�啷嬥�� 啶多が啷嵿う啶�啷嬥じ啷嵿い啷�- 啶侧え啶距い啷嵿ぎ啶曕�� 啶掂た啶氞ぞ啶班�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶膏�嵿い啷佮い啶� 啷� 啶多が啷嵿う啶曕げ啷嵿お啶︵�嵿ぐ啷佮ぎ啶距�栢�嵿�� 啶曕�嬥ざ啶距え啷佮じ啶距ぐ啷囙�� 啶�啷嬥え啶苦く啶�- 啶掂た啶侧た啶�啶�啶曕�冟い啶曕�嬥ざ啶距え啷佮じ啶距ぐ啷囙ぃ 啶� [ityetayo岣� 艣abdayostu- lan膩tmako vic膩ra岣� prastuta岣� | 艣abdakalpadrum膩khya ko艣膩nus膩re峁嘺 moniyara- viliyamak峁泃ako艣膩nus膩re峁嘺 ca ] '啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぐ啶� [诲丑补谤尘腻诲丑颈办补谤补峁嘺] ' 啶多が啷嵿う啷� 啶ㄠお啷佮�傕じ啶曕げ啶苦�權�嵿�椸�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶�啷佮�曕�嵿い啶� 啶膏え啷� [艣abdo napu峁僺akali峁単e prayukta岣� san ] '啶掂�嵿く啶掂す啶距ぐ啶︵ぐ啷嵿ざ啶ㄠじ啷嵿ぅ啶距え啶�啷� [惫测补惫补丑腻谤补诲补谤艣补苍补蝉迟丑腻苍补尘] ' 啶囙い啷嵿く啶班�嵿ぅ啷� 啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啷嵿い啶む��, 啶�啷佮�傕げ啶苦�權�嵿�椸�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶�啷佮�曕�嵿い啶� 啶掂�嵿く啶掂す啶距ぐ啶掂た啶氞ぞ啶� 啶曕�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距さ啶苦さ啶距�曕ぞ啶︵�� 啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啶む��, 啶忇さ啶� [ityarthe varttate, pu峁僱i峁単e prayuktaca vyavah膩ravic膩ra ke pr膩viv膩k膩dau vartate, eva峁� ] '啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぐ啶｀た啶ㄠ�� [诲丑补谤尘腻诲丑颈办补谤补峁噄苍] ' 啶囙い啶� 啶多が啷嵿う啷嬥そ啶�啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距う啷嵿さ啶苦さ啶�- 啶曕ぞ啶︵�� 啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啷嵿い啶む�� 啷� 啶�啶班え啷嵿い啷�, 啶忇い啶�啷嬥�� 啶曕�嬥ざ啶�啷嬥ぐ啷嵿ぎ啶む�� [iti 艣abdo'pi pr膩dviv膩- k膩dau varttate | parantu, etayo岣� ko艣ayormate ] '啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぞ啶班た啶ㄠ�� [诲丑补谤尘腻诲丑颈办腻谤颈苍] ' 啶囙い啶� 啶多が啷嵿う啶�, [iti 艣abda岣�, ] '啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啷嵿く啶曕�嵿�� [诲丑补谤尘腻诲丑测补办峁�a] ' 啶囙い啶� 啶多が啷嵿う啶多�嵿�氞ぞ啶�啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距ぁ啷嵿さ啶苦さ啶距�曕�� 啶忇さ 啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啷嵿い啶む�� 啷� 啶侧�囙�栢�� 啶�啶灌�嬥う啶�啶膏�嵿く 啶�啶む�� 啶多が啷嵿う啶曕げ啷嵿お啶︵�嵿ぐ啷佮ぎ啶膏�嵿く 啶�啷佮�傕げ啶苦�傕�椸さ啶距�氞�� [iti 艣abda艣c膩pi pr膩岣峷iv膩ke eva varttate | lekhaka mahodayasya mate 艣abdakalpadrumasya pu峁僱i峁僩av膩c墨 ] '啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぐ啶� [诲丑补谤尘腻诲丑颈办补谤补峁嘺] ' 啶多が啷嵿う啶膏�嵿い啷� 啶�啶む�嵿じ啷嵿く啶�啷佮ぐ啶距ぃ啷� ( 啷ㄠェ啷� - 啷ㄠオ ) 啶�啶犩た啶むじ啷嵿�� [艣abdastu matsyapur膩峁噀 ( 214 - 24 ) pa峁環itasya ] '啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぐ啶｀た啶ㄠ�� [诲丑补谤尘腻诲丑颈办补谤补峁噄苍] ' 啶囙い啶� 啶�啶距�犩じ啷嵿く啶距ざ啷佮う啷嵿ぇ啶班�傕お啶� 啶膏�嵿く啶距い啷�, [iti p膩峁環asy膩艣uddhar奴pa岣� sy膩t, ] '啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぞ啶班た啶ㄠ�� [诲丑补谤尘腻诲丑颈办腻谤颈苍] ' 啶多が啷嵿う啶多�嵿�� 啶班ぞ啶溹�嵿�炧�� 啶︵ぞ啶ㄠぇ啶班�嵿ぎ啶掂た啶�啶距�椸ぞ啶о�嵿く啶曕�嵿し啷� 啶忇さ 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶�啷佮�曕�嵿い啶� 啶多�嵿ぐ啶距じ啷�啶む��, 啶� 啶む�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距ぁ啷嵿さ啶苦さ啶距�曕�� 啷� 啶�啶む�嵿じ啷嵿く啶�啷佮ぐ啶距ぃ啷囙そ啶�啶� 啶むい啷嵿ぐ啷堗さ [艣abda艣ca r膩j帽o d膩nadharmavibh膩g膩dhyak峁�e eva prayukta岣� 艣r膩s墨t, na tu pr膩岣峷iv膩ke | matsyapur膩峁噀'pi tatraiva ] '啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぞ啶班た啶｀�� 啶曕ぞ啶班�嵿く啶� 啶溹え啶� 啶︵ぞ啶ㄠ�曕ぐ啶� 啶ㄠぐ啶距�� [dharm膩dhik膩ri峁嘺岣� k膩ry膩 jan膩 d膩nakar膩 nar膩岣�] ' 啶囙い啷嵿く啷佮�曕�嵿い啶�啷�, 啶むぅ啶� 啶︵�屶さ啶距ぐ啶苦�曕�堗�� 啶膏ぎ啶距じ啷嵿い啷� ( 啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぞ啶班た啶｀�� ) 啶�啷嵿ぐ啷嬥�曕�嵿い啶距�� 啷� 啶呧き啶苦�溹�嵿�炧ぞ啶ㄠざ啶曕�佮え啷嵿い啶侧�囙そ啶�啶� 啶︵�佮し啷嵿く啶ㄠ�嵿い啶� 啶膏�嵿さ啶距い啷嵿ぎ啶距え啶� 啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぞ啶班�� 啶ㄠた啶�啷佮�曕�嵿い啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶栢�嵿く啶距お啶�啶む�� 啶�啷囙�� 啶むお啶膏�嵿さ啶苦�溹え啶距�� 啶膏�嵿さ啶距い啷嵿ぎ啶距え啶� 啶膏え啶距ぅ啶� 啶�啶ㄠ�嵿く啶ㄠ�嵿い啷� 啷� 啶呧い啶� [ityuktam, tath膩 dauv膩rikai岣� sam膩ste ( dharm膩dhik膩ri峁嘺岣� ) prokt膩岣� | abhij帽膩na艣akuntale'pi du峁�yanta岣� sv膩tm膩na峁� dharm膩dhik膩re niyukta峁� prakhy膩payati yena tapasvijan膩岣� sv膩tm膩na峁� san膩th膩 manyante | ata岣� ] '啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぇ啶苦�曕ぞ啶班た啶ㄠ�� [诲丑补谤尘腻诲丑颈办腻谤颈苍] ' 啶囙い啶� 啶多が啷嵿う啷� 啶班ぞ啶溹�嵿�炧�� [iti 艣abdo r膩j帽o ] '啶︵ぞ啶ㄠぇ啶班�嵿ぎ啶掂た啶�啶距�椸ぞ啶о�嵿く啶曕�嵿�� [诲腻苍补诲丑补谤尘补惫颈产丑腻驳腻诲丑测补办峁�a] ' 啶囙い啷嵿く啶班�嵿�� 啶忇さ 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距す啷嵿く啶� 啷� 啶呧く啶�啷囙さ啶距ぐ啷嵿ぅ啷� 啶侧�囙�栢�曕ぎ啶灌�嬥う啶�啷囙え啶距い啷嵿�� 啶膏お啷嵿ぐ啶�啶距ぃ啶� 啶膏ぎ啶班�嵿ぅ啶苦い啶� 啷� ] [ityartha eva gr膩hya岣� | ayamev膩rtho lekhakamahodayen膩tra sapram膩峁嘺峁� samarthita岣� | ] ] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary (second edition, 1899) explains Dharm-adhikarana in the neuter as 'administration鈥� or 'a court of justice' and in the masculine as 'a judge or magistrate', etc., and refers us to the Matsya Pur膩na. It also explains Dharmadhikara as 'administration of laws' with reference to the Abhijnanasakuntala, while Dharmadhikarika is explained as 鈥榓n administrator of justice' or 'a judge' and Dharm膩dhyaksa as 'a judge', 'a magistrate,' 'a minister of justice', No distinction is therefore made between Dharmadhikara峁嘺 and Dharm-adhikarika, though there is some evidence to show that there was a difference in the meanings of the two expressions. It seems that Monier-Williams' views were partly influenced by the Sabda-leal padruma (1822-58) which explains Dharm-膩dhilca- rana as a court of law' (neuter) and 'a judge' (masculine). The first of the two meanings is supported in this work by quoting the following stanza of Katy膩yana as found in the Viramitrodaya. 24